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A list of Roman Emperors who ruled the Roman Empire during the Imperial Era in Europe.

Julio-Claudian Dynasty[]

Portrait Name Lifetime Succession Reign
Statue-Augustus
Augustus 23 September, 691 - 19 August 767 Became de facto emperor as a result of the 'first settlement' between himself and the Roman Senate. 16 January, 727 - 19 August, 767
2 Emperor Tiberius Tiberius 16 November, 712 - 16 March, 790 Son of Augustus's wife Livia by a previous marriage; adopted son of Augustus. 18 September, 767 - 16 March, 790
3 Emperor Caligula Caligula 31 August, 765 - 24 January, 794 Tiberius's great-nephew and adopted grandson; great-grandson of Augustus. 18 March, 790 - 24 January, 794

The Anarchy Emperor[]

Portrait Name Lifetime Succession Reign
Roman Bust 20 CE Aemilius c.753 - 14 September, 794 Seized power with support of Pannonian Legions (in opposition to the restored republic). 3 March, 794 - 14 September, 794

Julio-Claudian Dynasty (restored, first time)[]

Portrait Name Lifetime Succession Reign
Roman Child Bust 75CE Tacitus December 15, 790 - 7 July 795 Appointed by the Senate after the assassination of Aemilius; Nephew of Caligula. 18 March, 794 - 7 July, 795
Pseudo Corbulo Corbulo 15 August, 760 - 26 October, 812 Seized power against Tacitus after the battle of Saena. 7 July, 795 - 26 October, 812
Britannicus Bust Florian 10 February, 794 - 13 March, 818 Son of Tiberius Claudius Drusus (Caligula's uncle) and adopted son of Corbulo. 26 October, 812 - 13 March, 818

Vitellian Dynasty[]

Portrait Name Lifetime Succession Reign
Vitellius Coinage Singular Vitellius I c. 769 - 6 June, 818 Proconsul of the African Province, and Florian's chosen heir presumptive; co-ruler with Vitellius II. 13 March, 818 - 6 June, 818
Pseudo-Vitellius Louvre MR684 Vitellius II 24 September, 768 - 11 February, 820 Brother of Vitellius I, called to Rome to serve as co-Emperor; served until death. 19 May, 818 - 11 February, 820
Young Roman Bust Fulvian 28 November, 810 - 18 August, 826 Son of Vitellius II. 11 February, 820 - 18 August, 826
Marcus Aurelius Young Julius Marcus 7 May, 812 - 9 October 848 Son of Vitellius II. 18 August, 826 - 15 July, 839

Julio-Claudian Dynasty (restored, second time)[]

Portrait Name Lifetime Succession Reign
Virgil Bust Marcellus 19 January 818 - 16 December, 839 Seized control of Rome after Julius Marcus' deposition by the Praetorian Guards; son of Florian. 17 July, 839 - 16 December 839

Vitellian Dynasty (restored)[]

Portrait Name Lifetime Succession Reign
Marcus Aurelius Young Julius Marcus 7 May, 812 - 9 October 848 Son of Vitellius II; Seized power with support from the senate. 16 December 839 - 9 October, 848
Agrippa Bust Petronianus 25 April, 797 - 3 July, 849 Son of Vitellius II and half-brother to Julius Marcus; declared heir presumptive in 845.

9 October, 848 - 3 July, 849

Crisis of the 9th Century[]

Portait Name Lifetime Succession Reign
Titus Rome Bust Titus 30 December, 792 - 21 September, 849 Proclaimed Emperor with support from the Praetorian Guard. 4 July 849 - 21 September, 849
Marcus Nerve Bust Octavian 20 June, 795 - 5 December, 850 Seized power with the support of the Hispanic legions after Titus' execution. 28 August, 849 - 5 December, 850
2nd Century Roman Bust Halarian 14 March, 811 - 2 January, 854 Governor of Gallia Aquitania, proclaimed emperor after Titus' execution (in opposition to Octavian); made Agrippa co-Emperor in 853. 5 September, 849 - 2 January, 854
Germanicus Broken Bust Agrippa 24 October, 796 - 3 April, 854 Chosen by the Halarian as his co-Emperor to quell discontent in the Senate. 26 November, 853 - 3 April, 854
Valentinian I Coinage Decimus 31 July, 813 - 10 July, 854 Was chosen by the Senate following the assassination of Agrippia by the Praetorian Guard. 4 April, 854 - 10 July, 854
Roman Bust c.3rd Century Cassius 27 September, 804 - 23 December, 855 Proclaimed co-Emperor alongside Cnaeus and Hadrian during the Triarchy. 11 July, 854 - 23 December, 855
Gallienus Bust 255 AD Cnaeus 4 February, 820 - 21 June, 858 Proclaimed co-Emperor alongside Cassius and Hadrian during the Triarchy. 11 July, 854 - 21 June, 858
Domitian Era Bust Hadrian 23 November, 812 - 10 July, 863 Proclaimed co-Emperor alongside Cassius and Hadrian during the Triarchy. Became sole Emperor after Cnaeus' death in 858. 11 July, 854 - 10 July, 863

Sabine Dynasty[]

Portait Name Lifetime Succession Reign
Paludamentum Roman Bust Sabinus I 8 February, 799 - 25 May, 870 Seized control of the Empire with support from the Western Legions. 10 July, 863 - 25 May, 870
140-230 Roman Bust Gaius Sabinus 28 February, 836 - 1 June, 888 Nephew, adopted son, and heir of Sabinus I; great-grandson of Corbulo. 25 May, 870 - 1 June, 888.
Gladiator bust Gratian 9 January, 851 - 20 August, 917 Son of Caesar Sabinus. 1 June, 888 - 20 August, 917
Domitian 100CE Bust Sabinus II 30 January, 876 - 23 May, 922 Son of Gratian; appointed Sabinus III as co-Emperor in 918 20 August, 917 - 23 May, 922
Severus Bust Blank Background Sabinus III 12 October, 896 - 27 July, 938 Son of Sabinus II; appointed co-Emperor in 918, served as sole ruler from 922. 14 March, 918 -  27 July, 938

Aurelian Dynasty[]

Portait Name Lifetime Succession Reign
Severus Alexander Bust Aurelian 23 April, 894 - 23 September, 957 Praetorian Prefect to Sabinus III, he overthrew and assassinated his Emperor, declaring himself Augustus. 28 July, 938 - 23 September, 957
Munich Athena Bust Drusus Julianus 6 May, 931 - 11 July, 959 Grandson of Gratian's half-sister, and adopted son and heir of Aurelian. 23 September, 957 - 11 July, 959
Cornelius Sulla Bust Maxinimus 15 November, 918 - 2 November, 967 Illegitimate son of Aurelian; seized power with support from Greek Legions. 13 July, 959 - 2 November, 967
1st Century Marble Bust Crispinus 9 September, 904 - 24 May, 977 Seized control of the Senate with support from the Praetorian Guard following Maxinimus' death. 3 November, 967 - 24 May, 977
Cixero Marble Bust Numerian 23 September, 951 - 3 January, 1000 Elected by the Senate as a replacement for Crispinus; great grandson of Aurelian. 24 May, 977 - 3 January, 1000

Crisis of the 11th Century[]

Portait Name Lifetime Succession Reign
DCS Marble Bust Salvius 26 August, 968 - 14 July 1000 Was chosen by the Germanic Legions following the suicide (assassination?) of Numerian. 3 January, 1000 - 14 July, 1000
Caracalla obverse 2 white Claudius 4 February, 954 - 17 September, 1000 Seized power after Salvius' deposition by the Senate. 15 July, 1000 - 17 September, 1000
Meleager Bust Gaius Gabinus 15 December, 978 - 13 June, 1001 Proclaimed Emperor by the Praetorian Guard following the assassination of Claudius; grandson of Drusus Julianus. 17 September, 1000 - 13 June, 1001
Nero Julius Bust Postumius Gabinus 22 November, 979 - 30 October, 1005 Brother of Gaius Gabinus and heir; proclaimed Emperor by the senate after his predecessor's death. 13 June, 1001 - 30 October, 1005
Claudian Era Bust Jovian I 6 March, 948 - 18 July,1006 Proclaimed Emperor alongside his son by the Senate following the death of Gotha Cnaeus 31 October, 1005 - 18 July, 1006
Alexander severus Jovian II 14 April, 988 - 29 January, 1008 Declared Emperor alongside his father in 1005; served as sole Augustus after he assassinated his predecessor. 31 October, 1005 - 29 January, 1008
Julianae Romano-Briton Coin Antillian 27 July, 975 - 14 February, 1008 Proclaimed Emperor (in opposition to Domanitian) whilst Governor of Mesopotamia; seized power in 1008. 30 December, 1006 - 14 February, 1008
Marble Bust East-Roman Macrinus 12 November, 969 - 3 August, 1010 Purchased the title of Augustus from the Senate following Antillian's assassination. 17 February, 1008 - 3 August, 1010
Constantinius Coin Heraclius 7 October, 993 - 21 September, 1010 Adopted son of Macrinus. 3 August, 1010 - 21 September, 1010
Emperor Bust British Museum Diodetian 24 February, 963 - 24 February, 1013 Seized control with the support from Germanic tribesmen (soldiers) and subsequently appointed Emperor by the Sentate. 15 May, 1010 - 24 February, 1013
Bust of Titus Casisarius 16 July, 979 - 5 December, 1018 Appointed by the Senate; later selected Praetorian Prefects Julianius and Hedarian as co-Emperors later in 1013. 24 February, 1013 - 5 December, 1018
Gallienus Coinage Hedarian 29 July, 981 - 10 June, 1015 Appointed (alongside Julianius) by Casisarius as co-Emperor in November 1013. 9 November, 1013 - 10 June, 1015
London Mint Roman Coin Julianius 18 April, 974 - 6 September, 1018

Appointed (alongside Hedarian) by Casisarius as co-Emperor in November 1013.

9 November, 1013 - 6 September, 1018
Vespasian Roman Bust Aquilinus 13 August, 954 - 10 February, 1020 Seized control with support from Illyrian legions. 5 December, 1018 - 10 February, 1020
Augustus Arles Bust Fabian Marius 27 January, 987 - 26 November, 1028 Proclaimed Emperor (in opposition against Aquilinus); after his predecessor's death in battle, he remained sole Augustus. 24 December, 1018 - 26 November, 1028
Angrippa Coinage Julianius Otho 1 July, 998 - 18 March, 1036

Son of Julianius; seized power following Fabian Marius' assassination by the Praetorian Guard.

28 November, 1028 - 18 March, 1036
Hadrian Bust Sculpture Ovidius 12 June, 978 - 3 May, 1036 Praetorian Prefect under Fabian Marius; appointed himself Augustus after the death of Julianius Otho. 18 March, 1036 - 3 May, 1036
Hadrian Era Coin Maximian 29 April, 995 - 21 October, 1037 Proclaimed Emperor with the support of Germanic mercenaries; seized the capital and executed Ovidius. 30 March, 1036 - 21 October, 1037

Regulian Dynasty[]

Portait Name Lifetime Succession Reign
Marcus Aurelius Marble Bust Regulus I 2 January, 1000 - 8 August, 1059 Proclaimed Emperor (in opposition against Maximian) whilst proconsul of Achaea; defeated his predecessor in battle. 22 October, 1037 - 8 August, 1059
Marcus Primus Bust Hostilian 14 June, 1018 - 24 November 1063 Appointed by Regulus I (his uncle) as co-Emperor following his death to administer the Eastern provinces. 8 August, 1059 - 24 November, 1063
Palazzo Vecchio Marble Bust Regulus II 22 July, 1021 - 5 October, 1067 Appointed by Regulus I (his father) as co-Emperor following his death to administer the Western provinces. 8 August, 1059 - 5 October, 1067
Old Hulborn Marble Bust Balisius I c.990 - 17 June, 1070 Appointed by Regulus I (his brother) as co-Emperor following his death to administer the African provinces. 8 August, 1059 - 17 June, 1070
Zur Ergänzung Marble Germanicus May 20, 1001 - 18 August, 1064 Father of Hostilian; seized the Eastern provinces upon his sons death; declared co-Emperor by Balisius I. 24 November, 1063 - 18 August, 1064
Cyzicus Gold Coinage Valerius 11 February, 1031 - 30 January, 1065 Grand-nephew to Germanicus and adopted son; appointed co-Emperor for the administration of the Eastern provinces. 18 August, 1064 - 30 January, 1075
Young Noble Bust Regulus III 11 October, 1050 - 16 September, 1074 Son of Regulus II; appointed heir to the administration of the Western provinces; Usurped the African provinces from Balisius II. 5 October, 1067 - 16 September, 1074
Early Greco-Roman Coin Balisius II 23 April, 1025 - 16 February, 1088 Son of Balisius I; appointed as heir to the administration of the African provinces and appointed co-Emperor. 17 June, 1070 - 19 December, 1072
Antoninus Pius Coinage Regillus 18 May, 1052 - 19 November, 1085 Son of Regulus II and brother of Regulus III; usurped the administration of the Eastern provinces; served as sole Emperor from 1075 onwards. 16 September, 1074 - 19 November, 1085

Pertinatian Dynasty[]

Portait Name Lifetime Succession Reign
Priest Roman Bust Pertinax 27 September, 1037 - 13 December, 1088 Seized control of Rome following Regulus III's capture by Germanic raiders. 21 November, 1085 - 13 December, 1088
Philip the Arab Bust Marius Pertinax 22 May, 1043 - 15 February, 1094 Proclaimed Emperor (in opposition to his brother, Partinax); declared his Cousin Caecilius co-Emperor in 1091. 8 January, 1087 - 15 February, 1094
Head of Philip the Arab Caecilius 8 August, 1040 - 27 April, 1097 Declared co-Emperor by his cousin Marius Pertinax in 1091. 29 October, 1091 - 27 April, 1097.

Co-Imperial Period[]

Portait Name Lifetime Succession Reign
Greek Marble Bust Maxentius 13 May, 1061 - 24 April, 1099 Appointed co-Emperor by the Senate in 1094 as a replacement for Marius Decimus; appointed Ariovistus I a co-Emperor in 1097. 16 February, 1094 - 24 April, 1099
Publius Cornelius Bust Ariovistus I 2 July, 1048 - 4 November, 1103 Selected by Maxentius as his co-Emperor in 1097; proclaimed his son Ariovistus II as Emperor in 1099. 28 April, 1097 - 4 November, 1103
Late Republic Egyptian Bust Ariovistus II 10 September, 1075 - 31 October, 1101 Appointed co-Emperor by his father Ariovistus I. 24 April, 1099 - 31 October, 1101.
Thodosius I Coinage Anatonian 15 October, 1067 - 7 March, 1110 Praetorian Prefect; selected by Ariovistus I as co-Emperor under pressure from the Praetorian Guard. 1 November, 1101 - 7 March, 1110
Daza01 pushkin Vinicius 26 June, 1053 - 17 June, 1117 Praetorian Guardsman; appointed co-Emperor by Anantonian. 4 November, 1103 - 7 March, 1110
Vespasina Over-Sized Statue Head Tatinus 9 January, 1062 - 19 March, 1122 Seized power alongside his nephew and adopted son Nerva with support from Hispanic legions. 7 March, 1110 - 19 March, 1122
Young Chuls Marble Head Nerva 24 April 1084 - 29 August, 1116 Seized power alongside his uncle and adopted father Tatinus with support from Hispanic Legions. 7 March, 1110 - 29 August, 1116
783 CE Roman Coin Albinus Maxentius 13 February, 1073 - 13 October, 1116 Proclaimed co-Emperor by the Senate after his predecessor's death. 30 August, 1116 - 13 October, 1116
Constantius II Bust Herminus 6 July, 1093 - 24 April, 1128 Appointed co-Emperor by Tatinus; ruled as sole Emperor from 1122 until 1124, then from 1127 to death. 13 October, 1116 - 24 April, 1128
Marcus Aurelius Coinage Faustus 28 October, 1088 - 21 July, 1127 Appointed co-Emperor to Herminus by the Senate. 16 September, 1224 - 21 July, 1227

Germanic Emperors[]

Portait Name Lifetime Succession Reign
German Bodyguard Budt Arminius I c.1085 - 24 February, 1142 Seized power from Herminus with support from Germanic legions/mercenaries. 24 April, 1128 - 24 February, 1142
Yorkish Roman Coinage Nerva Ariovistus 17 November, 1113 - 30 April, 1145 Relative to Arminius I; appointed heir and successor. 24 February, 1142 - 30 April, 1145
Serrated Roman Coinage Hypocoris c.1087 - 17 June, 1046 Relative to Arminius I; appointed heir and successor to Nerva Ariovistus. 30 April, 1145 - 17 June, 1046
Caracalla era Coin Arminius II March 4, 1136 - 19 July, 1163 Grandson of Hypocoris; appointed co-Emperor alongside his father Chlodomirus. 17 June, 1046 - 19 July, 1163
Brutus Gold Coin Chlodomirus 14 September, 1109 - 30 January, 1167 Son of Hypocoris; appointed co-Emperor alongside his son Arminius II. 17 June, 1046 - 30 January, 1167
Early Byzantine Coin Leonarius 15 May, 1138 - 2 December, 1171 Brother to Arminius II and his uncle's heir and successor. 30 January, 1167 - 2 December, 1171

Last Emperors[]

Portait Name Lifetime Succession Reign
Theodoric Frontal Coin Cloelius 22 November, 1136 - 18 June, 1174 Usurped the throne with support from the Senate following Leonarius' suicide. 2 December, 1171 - 18 June, 1174
Theodoric Era Coinage Atticus c.1145 - 12 August, 1182 Proclaimed himself Emperor with support from the Germanic Legions. 3 May, 1174 - 12 August, 1179
Graitian Coinage Julius Aurelian 11 March, 1151 - 26 April, 1181 Declared Emperor whilst governor of Thracia (in opposition to Atticus). 11 June, 1175 - 26 April, 1181
Basillicus Roman Coinage Nero c.1137 - 18 September, 1188 Praetorian Prefect; appointed Emperor following the assassination of his predecessor. 26 April, 1181 - 18 September, 1188
Golden Solidus Coin Caelius Antony 31 March 1171 - 29 July, 1190 Appointed Emperor by his brother who captured Rome. 18 September, 1188 - 29 July, 1190
Olybrius Coinage Carbo c.1152 - c.1200 Cousin to Leonarius; appointed Emperor by the Senate. 30 July, 1190 - 4 February, 1194
Solidus Marcian Coin Severanius c.1165 - 25 April, 1198 Adopted son of Nero; heir to Carbo and elevated to Emperor after his predecessor's abdication. 4 February, 1194 - 25 April, 1198
Honorius Golden Coin Saturninus c.1143 - c.1205 Seized the Empire with support from the Hunnic warlords. 25 April, 1198 - c.1205
Valentian 3 Roman Coin Octavian Remus c.1179 - June, 1207 Appointed as Emperor by the Hunnic King Oebarsius. c.1205 - June, 1207
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