De todo lo expuesto podemos deducir estas consecuencias: las provincias americanas se hallan lidiando por emanciparse; al fin obtendrán el suceso; algunas se constituirán de un modo regular en repúblicas federales y centrales; se fundarán monarquías casi inevitablemente en las grandes secciones, y algunas serán tan infelices que devorarán sus elementos ya en la actual ya en las futuras revoluciones, que una gran monarquía no será fácil consolidar, una gran república, imposible (Carta de Jamaica, Simón Bolivar)
America comprises the totality of the continents of North and South America. Together they are sometimes called the New World.
An Outline[]
The first known European settlement in the Americas was by the Norse. However, the colonization never became permanent and was later abandoned. The voyages of Christopher Columbus from 1492 to 1502 resulted in permanent contact with European (and subsequently, other Old World) powers, which led to the Columbian exchange. Diseases introduced from Europe and West Africa devastated the indigenous peoples, and the European powers colonized the Americas. Mass emigration from Europe, including large numbers of indentured servants, and importation of African slaves largely replaced the indigenous peoples.
The legacy of the colonization and settlement by Europeans is that the Americas shared many common cultural traits, most notably Christianity and the use of Indo-European languages: primarily Spanish, English, Portuguese, French, and to a lesser extent, Dutch.
Decolonization of the Americas began with the the Haitian Revolution and Royalist Louisiana. This was followed by the Latin American Wars of Independence in the early 1800s. Between 1811 and 1825, New Granada, Venezuela, Paraguay, Argentina, Chile, Gran Colombia, Guatemala, Argentina, Mexico, Brazil, Amazonia, Peru-Bolivia gained independence from Spain and Portugal in armed revolutions. The process of Latin American independence took place in the general political and intellectual climate that emerged from the Age of Enlightenment and the turmoil of the European Revolutionary Wars. After the independence Wars were followed by a long period of chaos, disruption and civil wars in the new republics and the Mexican Empire.
Simon Bolivar
Under the suggestion and steering of Simon Bolivar, the South American republics sent plenipotentiary delegates to the Conference of Guayaquil. After several days of debate the League of American Republics was established by the Treaty of Union, League and Perpetual Confederation (1829, Year XXXIX[1]). Thought, far from the Bolivar's objectives of creating a more closer political union, he served as the first President of the Continental Board.
Independent States of America[]
States established during and after the European Revolutionary Wars and the Latin American Wars of Independence.
North America[]
| Flag | Coat of Arms | Country | Regime | Capital | Established | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Republic of Haiti | Republic | Port Republicaine | 1796 to date | Former French Colony of Saint-Domingue later Provincial State of the French Republic (1790-1796). It gained its independence during the Haitian Revolution (1791-1798). |
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Republic of Louisiana | Republic | Nouvelle-Orléans | 1833 to date | Colony of the Kingdom of France (1682-1790), Provincial State of the French Republic (1790-1791) and Royalist Louisiana (1791-1833) |
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Quebec Republic | Republic | Quebec | 1798-1799 | Briefly independent (Clarmont's Rebellion), later Britain regained control in 1799. |
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Mexican Empire | Constitutional Monarchy | Mexico City | 1820-1848 and 1849-1860. | Former Spanish colony. |
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Mexican Republic | Presidential Republic | Mexico City | 1848-1849, 1860 to date | |
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Guatemala | Presidential Republic | Guatemala City | 1821 to date | Former Spanish colony. |
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Yucatan | Presidential Republic | Mérida | 1829 to date | Secession from Mexican Empire. |
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California | Presidential Republic | Monterrey | 1830 to date | Secession from Mexican Empire. |
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Rio Grande | Presidential Republic | Laredo | 1830-1834 | Secession from Mexican Empire. Voted its union to Texas of territories not controlled by Mexico. |
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Tejas | Presidential Republic | San Antonio | 1830 to date | Secession from Mexican Empire. |
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Dakota | Presidential Republic | Des Moines | 1832 to date | Secession from Royalist Louisiana |
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Oregon | Republic | Astoria | Briefly under joint administration of California, Borealia and Dakota. The Treaty Sacramento declared its independence from California. |
South America[]
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The Latin American Wars of Independence (1811-1825) and its destruction and revolt had left the South American republics in several unique processes of nation building, internal conflicts and wars among themselves. The majority were left with debt, civil unrest, poorer with the destruction and dislocation of industry, agriculture and trade.
The republics of Chile (1817), Argentina (1817) and Paraguay (1817), but mainly the first two rapidly, rapidly secure institutional stability and national building in respect to their neighbors.
New Granada (1818) and Venezuela (1818), were the wars of Independence were more violent and destructive had to surpass civil wars between liberals and conservatives, legal and constitutional instability, and military leaders that overthrown their predecessors, also military leaders of the Independence.
The former Portuguese colonies and now independent states of Brazil (1821), Amazonia (1821) and Bahia (1822) besides wars among themselves for securing their frontiers or simply to conquer their adversary, had also civil wars between liberals and conservatives and slave revolts.
Of what is now Peru and Andes loyal troops and leadership to Spain maintained their hold far longer then the rest of America gained their independence after the Battle of the Nations (1825).
| Flag | Coat of Arms | Country | Regime | Capital | Established | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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United Provinces of New Granada | Presidential Republic | Bogotá | 1818 to date | Former Spanish colony |
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Venezuela | Presidential Republic | Caracas | 1818 to date | Former Spanish colony |
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Argentina | Presidential Republic | Buenos Aires | 1817 to date | Former Spanish colony |
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Chile | Presidential Republic | Santiago | 1817 to date | Former Spanish colony | |
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Paraguay | Presidential Republic | Asunción | 1817 to date | Former Spanish colony |
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Amazonia | Presidential Republic | Belém | 1821 to date | Former Portuguese colony | |
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Brazil | Presidential Republic | Rio de Janeiro | 1821 to date | Former Portuguese colony |
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Bahia | Presidential Republic | Salvador da Bahia | 1822 to date | Former Portuguese colony |
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Peru | Presidential Republic | Lima | 1825 to date | Former Spanish colony | |
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Alto Peru / Andes | Presidential Republic | Chuquisaca | 1825 to date | Former Spanish colony. United with Peru | |
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Oriental | Presidential Republic | Montevideo | 1832 to date | Union of Uruguay and Riograndese | |
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Uruguay | Presidential Republic | Montevideo | 1818-1832 | Secession from Argentina. United with Riograndese into Oriental | |
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Riograndese | Presidential Republic | Piratini | 1825-1832 | Secession from Brazil. United with Uruguay into Oriental | |
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Guyana | Presidential Republic | Fort Zeelandia | 1850-... | ||
|
Mapuche Confederacy / Butalmapu
or Wallmapu |
Confederation
(Ñizol lonko) |
Perquenco | Seized by Chile (west) and Argentina (east) | ||
|
|
Kingdom of Cuzco | Monarchy
(Sapa Inka) |
Cuzco | 17??-17?? and 1822 to date | Briefly Independent indigenous state. Regained by Peru |
Notable polities of South America[]
Yucatan[]
| Republic of Yucatan República de Yucatán Timeline: Cromwell the Great
Mayab (Yucatec Maya) OTL equivalent: Yucatán, Campeche and Quintana Roo | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Anthem: National Anthem of Yucatan |
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 Location of Yucatán
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| Capital | Mérida | ||||
| Other cities | Campeche and Valladolid | ||||
| Official languages | Spanish (official) | ||||
| Other languages | Yucatec Maya | ||||
| Ethnic groups | Mestizos, Indians and Europeans | ||||
| Religion | Catholicism (official). Other religions: Protestantism, traditional and syncretic Maya religions, Spiritism, Deism and theism | ||||
| Demonym | Yucatecan (Yucateco(a)) | ||||
| Government | Presidential republic | ||||
| - | President | ||||
| Legislature | National Congress | ||||
| Key Events | |||||
| - | Secession from Mexican Empire | 1829 | |||
| Area | |||||
| - | 139,426 km2 53,833 sq mi |
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| Currency | Yucatec Peso ($Y) | ||||
| Time zone | GMT-6 | ||||
| Membership international or regional organizations | League of American Republics (member) | ||||
The Republic of Yucatan (República de Yucatán) is located in the Yucatán Peninsula. It is bordered by the México to the southwest and Guatemalan Federation and Belize to the south , with the Gulf of Mexico off its north coast. In 1829 it declared its independence in protest of the centralization policies of the Mexican Empire in the First War of the Reforms (1829-1830).
The production of Yucatan is largely a cattle ranching, logging, chicle and henequen production. Of these the later is the most important source of revenue. Henequen is processed as a textile in various forms to obtain a range of products. The wealth Yucatan comes from the price of henequen produced in large haciendas. Henequen
- Caste War (1845-1857)
The Caste War began with the revolt of native Maya people of Yucatán, Mexico against the Mestixo and European-descended population (Yucatecos). The latter had long held political and economic control of the region. A lengthy war ensued between the Yucateco forces in the north-west of the Yucatán and the independent Maya in the south-east. There was regular raiding between them.
The Caste War caused the Republic of Yucatán to request military aid from Mexico and Guatemalan Federation. The former was given on the condition that the Republic rejoin the Mexico. This condition led to the refusal of Mexican aid. With the help of the Guatemalan army the Caste War finish with the Mayan State of Chan Santa Cruz. The Treaty of Tzucacab signed between the Republic of Yucatan and the moderate rebel leaders ended the War. The more radical leaders holded up for a longer time in the south east of Yucatan until their definite defeat.
- Government
The Constitution of Yucatán of 1831 provides that the government of Yucatán, consists of three powers: the executive, the legislative and the judiciary.
Executive power rests in the President of Yucatán, who is directly elected by the citizens, using a secret ballot, to a four-year term with no immediate reelection. Legislative power rests in the National Congress of Yucatán which is a bicameral legislature composed of a Senate and Chamber of Deputies. Judicial power is invested in the Superior Court of Justice of Yucatán.
- President
- Benito Aznar 1829-1829
- José Tiburcio López Constante (liberal) 1829-1833
- Miguel Barbachan (liberal) 1833-1837
- José Tiburcio López Constante (liberal) 1837-1841
- José Segundo Carvajal 1841-1845
- Santiago Méndez Ibarra (liberal) 1845-1849
- Miguel Barbachan (liberal) 1849-1859 Died in office.
- Administrative division
The Yucatán is divided into 5 departments, each subdivided in districts and municipalities. The departments and districts are headed by a governor and delegate, respectively named by the President. The municipalities are headed by a municipal president (mayor).
Departments of Yucatan
- Mérida
- Izamal
- Valladolid
- Campeche
- Tekax
Colonies and territories in America[]
North America[]
| Polity | Status | Capital | Established | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 Former Spanish colonies and territories
| ||||
| New Spain | Viceroyalty | Ciudad de México (Mexico City) | 1535-1820 | It comprised Mexico, Central America, much of the Southwestern and Central North America, and Spanish Florida, Santo Domingo, Cuba and Puerto Rico as well as the Philippine, Mariana and Caroline Islands. |
| Antilles | Viceroyalty | Havana (Cuba) | 1823-... | it comprised Spanish Florida, Santo Domingo, Cuba and Puerto Rico. |
 Iberian colonies and territories
| ||||
 Cuba
|
Colony | Havana | 1492 | Captaincy General. Colony 1492-..., Overseas province |
 Puerto Rico
|
Colony | San Juan | 1493 | Captaincy General. Colony 1493-..., Overseas province |
 Florida
|
Colony | St. Augustine (Spanish: San Agustín) | 1513 | Colony 1513-..., Overseas province |
 British colonies and territories
| ||||
 Virginia
|
Colony | Jamestown | 1607 | |
| Newfoundland | Colony | St. John's | 1610 | |
| Bermuda | Colony | Saint George's Town | 1612 | |
| Leeward Islands Colony | Colony | Basseterre (Saint Christopher Island) | 1623 | |
| Barbados | Colony | Bridgetown | 1627 | |
 Maryland
|
Colony | Annapolis | 1632 | |
| Rhode Island | Colony | Providence | 1636-1675 | Incorporated to New England |
| Bahamas | Colony | New Providence | 1648 | |
| Nova Scotia | Colony | Alexandria | 1654 | |
| Jamaica | Colony | Port Oliver[2] (since 1692) | 1655 | |
 Borealia
|
Company Colony | Fort Rupert | 1670 | Administered by the Hudson Bay Company. Territory enlarged in 1763. |
 Dominion of New England
|
Colony | Boston | 1675 | |
| Quebec | Colony | Quebec | 1763 | Gained from France (former French Canada) |
| Illinois | Colony and Indian Territory | Chicago | 1763-1838 | Merged into Indiana. |
| Ohio | Colony and Indian Territory | Logstown (1766-1773), New Lancaster (1773 to date) | 1766-1838 | Merged into Indiana. |
| Tennessee | Colony and Indian Territory | Fort Loudoun | 1768-1838 | Merged into Indiana. |
| Dominion of Indiana | Colony and Indian Territory | Chicago | 1838 to date | |
| Ontario Lands | Colony and Indian Territory | Toronto | ||
| New Albion | Colony | Cromwell | Former west territory of the Hudson Bay Company (Borealia) | |
 Belize
|
Colony | Belize city | ||
 Miskito
|
Colony | Bluefields | ||
 Dutch asociated states, colonies and territories
| ||||
 New Netherland
|
Associated state | New Amsterdam | 1614 | Colony 1614-1796, Associated state 1796 to date |
 Iroquois (or Five Nations)Haudenosaunee |
Protectorate | Onondaga | Protectorate since 1708 | |
| Curaçao and Dependencies | Colony | Willemstad | Includes islands of Curaçao, Aruba, Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, Saba, Sint Maarten and Anguilla. | |
 French colonies and territories
| ||||
| New France | Viceroyalty | Quebec | 1610-1763 | Includes Canada and Louisiana |
| Louisiana | Colony | Nouvelle-Orleans | 1682-1833 (Independent) | Part of New France 1610-1763. Royalist Louisiana1791-1833. Gained independence from France as the Republic of Louisiana |
| Saint-Domingue | Colony | Port-au-Prince | 1625–1796 (Independent) | Gained independence from France as the Republic of Haiti |
| French West Indies or French Antilles | Colony | Fort-La-Republique | 1635 to date | Includes Guadeloupe, Martinique, St. Lucia, St. Martin, Saint-Barthélemy, La Grenade, St. Croix, St. Vincent, Saint-Christopher, Tobago and other smaller islands. Later departmentalized. |
 Russian colonies and territories
| ||||
| Alaska or Alyaska | Colony | Novo-Archangelsk | 1772 to date | Under administration of Russian-Alyaskan Company |
South America[]
| Polity | Status | Capital | Established | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spanish colonies and territories
| ||||
| Perù | Viceroyalty | Lima | 1542-1825 | Chile, Perú and Andes |
| New Granada | Viceroyalty | Bogotá | 1717-1818 | New Granada and Venezuela |
| Río de la Plata | Viceroyalty | Buenos Aires | 1776-1817 | Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay |
 Portuguese colonies and territories
| ||||
| State of Brazil | Colony - Viceroyalty in 1763 | Salvador (1645-1763), Rio de Janeiro (1763-...) | 1549- 1821 / 1822 | Brazil, Amazonia and Bahia |
| State of Maranhão | Colony | São Luís (1621-1737), Belem (1737-...) | 1621–1772 | Formed from the northern territories of the State of Brazil. Later split in State of Grão-Pará and Rio Negro and the State of Maranhão and Piauí. |
| State of Grão-Pará and Rio Negro | Colony | Belem | 1772–1775 | Split of State of Maranhão. Later merged with State of Brazil |
| State of State of Maranhão and Piauí | Colony | São Luís | 1772–1775 | Split of State of Maranhão. Later merged with State of Brazil |
| Dutch colonies and territories
| ||||
| Cayenne | Colony | Cayenne | 1615 | United in the Nederlands-Guiana |
| Essequibo | Colony | Fort Kyk-Over-Al (1616-1739), Fort Zeelandia (1739-...) | 1616 | United in the Nederlands-Guiana |
| Berbice | Colony | Fort Nassau (1627–1785), Fort Sint Andries (1785–...) | 1627 | United in the Nederlands-Guiana |
| Pomeroon | Colony | New Middelburg | 1650 | United in the Nederlands-Guiana |
| Nederlands-Guiana / Suriname | Colony | Fort Zeelandia (later renamed Paramaribo) | Union of Essequibo, Berbice, Pomeroon and Cayenne | |
| French colonies and territories
| ||||
| Cayenne / Guyane | Colony | Cayenne | Gained from Nederlands-Guiana. Recognized by the Treaties of Amiens and Vienna. Initially a department later administered as a Governor-generalship | |
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