List of nations (A.H.)

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Africa[]

Countries and territories
Flag	Official name Name	Capital	Government	Leadership
Flag	Official name Name	Capital	Government	Head of state	Head of government
	Democratic Republic of Algeria Algeria	Argel	Unitary semi-presidential republic
	Republic of Angola Angola	Luanda	Unitary dominant-party presidential republic
	Republic of Botswana Botswana	Gabarone	Unitary dominant-party parliamentary republic with an executive presidency	President Mokgweetsi Masisi
	Arab Republic of Egypt Egypt	Cairo	Unitary semi-presidential republic
	Democratic Federation of Ethiopia Ethiopia	Addis Abbada	Federal parliamentary republic
	Gambia	Banjul	Unitary presidential republic
	Republic of Guinea-Bissau Guinea-Bissau	Bissau	Unitary semi-presidential republic
	Republic of Ivory Coast Ivory Coast	Abidjan	Unitary presidential republic
	Islamic Republic of Mauritania Mauritania	Nouakchott	Unitary semi-presidential Islamic republic
	Kingdom of Morocco Morocco	Rabat	Unitary parliamentary semi-constitutional monarchy
	Republic of Mozambique Mozambique	Maputo	Unitary dominant-party semi-presidential republic
	Republic of the Niger Niger	Niamey	Unitary semi-presidential republic
	Nigeria	Abuja	Federal presidential republic
	Republic of Rwanda Rwanda	Kigali	Unitary dominant-party parliamentary republic	President Édouard Ngirente	PM Paul Kagame
	Republic of Senegal Senegal	Dakar	Unitary presidential republic	President Macky Sall
	Republic of Sierra Leone Sierra Leone	Freetown	Unitary presidential republic	President Julius Maada Bio
	Somali Republic	Hargeisa	Unitary presidential republic	President Muse Bihi Abdi
	South Africa	Pretoria	Unitary presidential republic
	Republic of Tunisia Tunisia	Tunis	Unitary semi-presidential republic

America[]

North region[]

Countries and territories
Flag		Official name Name	Capital	Government	Leadership
Flag		Official name Name	Capital	Government	Head of state	Head of government
		Republic of Anguilla Anguilla	The Valley	Unitary parliamentary republic
		Antigua and Barbuda	St. John's	Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy	Monarch Charles III
		Aruba	Orangestad	Unitary parliamentary republic	President Alfonso Boekhoudt	PM Evelyn Wever-Croes
		Barbados	Bridgetown	Unitary parliamentary republic	President Sandra Mason	PM Mia Mottley
		Belize	Belmopan	Unitary parliamentary dependency under a constitutional monarchy	Monarch Charles III
		Bermuda	Hamilton	Unitary parliamentary dependency under a constitutional monarchy	Monarch Charles III
		British Virgin Islands	Road Town	Unitary parliamentary dependency under a constitutional monarchy	Monarch Charles III
		Canada	Ottawa	Federal parliamentary republic	President Mary Simon	PM Justin Trudeau
		Cayman Islands	George Town	Unitary parliamentary dependency under a constitutional monarchy	Monarch Charles III
		Costa Rica	San José	Unitary presidential republic
		Republic of Cuba Cuba	Havana	Unitary one-party socialist republic	President Miguel Díaz-Canel	PM Manuel Marrero Cruz
		Curaçao	Willemstad	Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy	Monarch Willem-Alexander
		Republic of Dominica Dominica	Ruseau	Unitary parliamentary republic
File:Flag of the Dominican Republic.png		Dominican Republic	Santo Domingo	Unitary presidential republic
		Republic of El Salvador El Salvador	San Salvador	Unitary presidential republic
		Grenada	St. Georges	Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy	Monarch Charles III
N/A		Guadeloupe	Basse-Terre	French overseas department	President of France Emanuel Macron
		Republic of Guatemala Guatemala	Guatemala City	Unitary presidential republic
		Republic of Haiti Haiti	Port-au-Prince	Unitary semi-presidential republic
		Republic of Honduras Honduras	Tegucigalpa	Unitary presidential republic
		Iceland	Nuuk	Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy	Monarch Margrethe II
		Jamaica	Kingston	Unitary parliamentary republic
N/A		Martinique	Fort-de-France	French overseas department	President of France Emanuel Macron
		Mexican Federation Mexico	Mexico City	Federal presidential republic	President Andrés Obrador
		Montserrat	Little Bay	Parliamentary dependency under a constitutional monarchy	Monarch Charles III
		Republic of Nicaragua Nicaragua	Managua	Unitary presidential republic
		Republic of Panama Panama	Panama City	Unitary presidential republic
		Saba	The Bottom	Special municipality of the Kingdom of the Netherlands	Monarch Willem-Alexander
		Saint Lucia	Castries	Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy	Monarch Charles III
		Sint Eustatius	Oranjestad	Special municipality of the Kingdom of the Netherlands	Monarch Willem-Alexander
N/A		Saint Barthélemy	Gustavia	French overseas department	President of France Emanuel Macron
		Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Kitts and Nevis	Basseterre	Federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy	Monarch Charles III
N/A		Coletivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saint Pierre and Miquelon	Saint-Pierre	French overseas territory	President of France Emanuel Macron
		Commonwealth of the Bahamas The Bahamas	Nassau	Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy	Monarch Charles III
		Republic of Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago	Port of Spain	Unitary parliamentary republic	President Paula-Mae Weekes	PM Keith Rowley
		Turks and Caicos	Grand Turk Town	Parliamentary dependency under a constitutional monarchy	Monarch Charles III
	^[1]	United States	Washington	Federal presidential republic under a representative democracy	President Marianne Williamson
		Youloumain	Kingstown	Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy	Monarch Charles III

South region[]

Countries and territories
Flag	Official name Name	Capital	Government	Leadership
Flag	Official name Name	Capital	Government	Head of state	Head of government
N/A	State of Amazonia Amazonia	Manaus	Portuguese overseas department	President of Portugal Marcelo de Sousa	PM Eduardo Campos
	Republic of Argentina Argentina	Buenos Aires	Federal presidential republic	President Alberto Fernandéz
	Plurinational Republic of Bolivia Bolivia	La Paz	Unitary presidential republic	President Luis Arce
	Republic of Chile Chile	Santiago	Unitary presidential republic	President Gabriel Boric
	Republic of Colombia Colombia	Bogotá	Unitary presidential republic	President Gustavo Petro
	East Guiana	Cayenne	Unitary parliamentary republic	President Jean-Victor Castor	PM Gabriel Serville
	Republic of Ecuador Ecuador	Quito	Unitary presidential republic	President Guillermo Lasso
	Falkland Isles	Stanley	Devolved unitary parliamentary dependency under a constitutional monarchy	Monarch Charles III
	Republic of Guiana Guiana	Georgetown	Unitary assembly-independent republic
	Republic of Paraguay Paraguay	Asunción	Unitary presidential republic	President Mario Abdo Benítez
File:Flag of Peru.png	Republic of Peru Peru	Lima	Unitary presidential republic
	South Georgia and South Sandwich Isles	Grytviken	Directly administrated dependency under a constitutional monarchy	Monarch Charles III
	Republic of Suriname Suriname	Paramaribo	Unitary assembly-independent republic	President Chan Santokhi	PM Marinus Bee
	Republic of Uruguay Uruguay	Montivideo	Unitary presidential republic	President Luís Lacalle Pou
	Republic of Venezuela Venezuela	Caracas	Unitary presidential republic

Asia[]

Countries and territories
Flag		Offical name Name	Capital	Gorvernment	Leadership
Flag		Offical name Name	Capital	Gorvernment	Head of state	Head of government
		Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Afghanistan	Kabul	Unitary Islamic parliamentary republic
		People's Republic of Bangladesh Bangladesh	Dhaka	Unitary dominant-party parliamentary republic	President Mohammad Abdul Hamid	PM Sheikh Hasina
		Kingdom of Bahrein Bahrain	Manama	Unitary Islamic parliamentary semi-constitutional monarchy
		Kingdom of Bhutan Bhutan	Thimphu	Unitary parliamentary semi-constitutional monarchy	Monarch Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck	PM Lotay Tshering
		Sultanate of Brunei Brunei	Bandar Seri Begawan	Unitary Islamic absolute monarchy	Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah
		Kingdom of Cambodia Cambodia	Phnom Penh	Unitary dominant-party parliamentary constitutional elective monarchy	Monarch Norodom Sihamoni	PM Hun Sen
		People's Republic of China China	Beijing	Unitary one-party dirigist presidential republic	President Xi Jinping
		Georgia	Tbilisi	Unitary parliamentary republic	President Salome Zurabishvili	PM Irakli Garibashvili
		Chinese Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong Hong Kong	N/A	Devolved executive-led dependency under a unitary one-party dirigist presidential republic	President of China Xi Jinping
		Republic of India India	Bangalore	Federal parliamentary republic	President Droupadi Murmu	PM Narendra Modi
	^[2]	Republic of Indonesia Indonesia	Nusantara	Unitary presidential republic	President Joko Widodo
		Japan	Tokyo	Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy
		Kingdom of Jordan Jordan	Amman	Unitary parliamentary semi-constitutional monarchy	Monarch Abdullah II	PM Bisher Al-Khasawneh
		Republic of Kazakhstan Kazakhstan	Astana	Unitary dominant-party parliamentary republic
		Kyrgyz Republic Kyrgyzstan	Bishkek	Unitary presidential republic
		State of Kuwait Kuwait	Kuwait City	Unitary parliamentary semi-constitutional monarchy
		Lao People's Republic Lao	Vientiane	Unitary revolutionary socialist one-party republic
		Lebanon	Beirut	Unitary parliamentary republic
		Chinese Special Administrative Region of Macau Macau	N/A	Devolved executive-led dependency under a unitary one-party dirigist presidential republic	President of China Xi Jinping
		Malaysia	Putrajaya	Federal parliamentary constitutional elective monarchy
		Republic of Maldives Maldives	Malé	Unitary presidential republic	President Ibrahim Mohamed Solih
		Unified Republic of Mianmar Mianmar	Naypyidaw	Unitary assembly-independent republic	President Htin Kyaw	PM Aung San Suu Kyi
		Nepal	Kathmandu	Federal parliamentary republic	President Bidya Devi Bhandari	PM Sher Bahadur Deuba
		People's Republic of Corea North Corea	Pyongyang	Unitary one-party Jucheist republic under a hereditary dictatorship	General Leader Kim Jong-un
		Islamic Republic of Pakistan Pakistan	Islamabad	Federal Islamic parliamentary republic
		Republic of Palestine Palestine	Tel-Aviv	Unitary semi-presidential republic	President Mahmoud Abbas	PM Mohammad Shtayyeh
		Persian Republic Persia	Tehran	Unitary presidential republic
		Republic of the Philippines Philippines	Manila	Federal presidential republic
		Qatar	Doha	Unitary Islamic parliamentary semi-constitutional monarchy	Emir Tamim bin Hamad Al-Thani
	^[3]	Russian Federation Russia	Moscow	Federal semi-presidential republic under a centralized government	President Vladimir Putin	PM Mikhail Mishustin
		Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia	Riyadh	Unitary Islamic absolute monarchy
		Republic of Corea South Corea	Seul	Unitary presidential republic
		Syria	Damascus	Unitary semi-presidential republic
		Taiwan	Taipei	Unitary semi-presidential republic	President Tsai-Ing Wen	PM Su Tseng-Chang
		Republic of Temasek Temasek	N/A	Unitary dominant-party parliamentary republic	President Halimah Yacob	PM Lee Hsien Loong
		Republic of Thailand Thailand	Bangkok	Unitary parliamentary republic
		Turkia	Ankara	Unitary presidential republic
		United Arab Emirates	Abu Dhabi	Federal Islamic parliamentary semi-constitutional elective monarchy
		Republic of Uzbekistan Uzbekistan	Tashkent	Unitary presidential republic
		Socialist Republic of Vietnam Vietnam	Hanoi	Unitary one-party market socialist republic	General Leader Nguyễn Phú Trọng
		Republic of Yemen Yemen	Sanaa	Unitary presidential republic

Europe[]

Countries and territories
Flag		Official name Name	Capital	Government	Leadership
Flag		Official name Name	Capital	Government	Head of state	Head of government
		Republic of Albania Albania	Tirana	Unitary parliamentary republic
		Republic of Austria Austria	Vienna	Federal parliamentary republic	President Alexander van der Bellen	Chancellor Karl Nehammer
		Bosnia	Sarajevo	Federal parliamentary directorial republic
		Republic of Belgium Belgium	Brussels	Federal parliamentary republic
		Bulgaria	Sofia	Unitary parliamentary republic	President Rumen Radev	PM Galab Donev
		Catalan Republic Catalonia	Barcelona	Unitary presidential republic
		Republic of Croatia Croatia	Zagreb	Unitary parliamentary republic	President Zoran Milanović	PM Andrej Plenković
		Unified Republic of Cyprus Cyprus	Nicosia	Unitary presidential republic
		Czech Republic	Prague	Unitary parliamentary republic
File:Flag of Denmark (1127-Present).png		Kingdom of Danmark Danmark	Copenhagen	Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy	Monarch Margrethe II	PM Mette Frederiksen
		Republic of Estonia Estonia	Tallinn	Unitary parliamentary republic	President Jevgeni Ossinovski	PM Kaja Kallas
		Republic of Finland Finland	Helsinki	Unitary parliamentary republic	President Sauli Niinistö	PM Sana Marin
		French Republic France	Paris	Unitary semi-presidential republic	President Emanuel Macron	PM Élisabeth Borne
		Federal Republic of Germany Germany	Berlin	Federal parliamentary republic	President Frank-Walter Steinmeier	Chancellor Olav Scholz
		Gibraltar	Westside	Devolved parliamentary dependency under a constitutional monarchy	Monarch Charles III Governor David Steel	Chief Minister Fabian Ricardo
		Greece	Athenas	Federal parliamentary republic
		Greenland	Reykjavík	Unitary parliamentary republic	President Guðni Thorlacious	PM Katrín
		Hungaria	Budapesht	Unitary parliamentary republic	President Eva Novák	PM Zsolt Semjéna
		Republic of Ireland Ireland	Dublin	Unitary parliamentary republic	President Michael Higgins	PM Micheál Martin
		Italian Federation Italy	Roma	Federal parliamentary republic
		Latvia	Riga	Unitary parliamentary republic
	^[4]	Principality of Lichtenstein Lichtenstein	Vaduz	Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy under a semi-direct democracy	Monarch Hans-Adam II Regent Alois	PM Daniel Risch
		Republic of Lithuania Lithuania	Vilnius	Unitary semi-presidential republic	President Gitanas Nausėda	PM Ingrida Šimonytė
		Grand Duchy of Luxembourg Luxembourg	Luxembourg City	Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy	Monarch Henri	PM Xavier Bettel
		Republic of Malta Malta	Valetta	Unitary parliamentary republic
		Manx	Douglas	Unitary parliamentary republic
		Principality of Monaco Monaco	Monaco-Ville	Unitary parliamentary semi-constitutional monarchy	Monarch Albert II	Minister of State Pierre Dartout
		Montenegro	Podgorica	Unitary parliamentary republic
		Kingdom of Norseway Norseway	Oslo	Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy	Monarch Herald V	PM Jonas Gahr Støre
	^[5]	Netherlands	Amsterdam	Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy	Monarch Willem-Alexander	PM Mark Rute
		Republic of Macedonia	Skopje	Unitary parliamentary republic
		Republic of Poland Poland	Warsaw	Unitary parliamentary republic	President Andrzej Duda	PM Mateusz Morawiecki
		Portuguese Republic Portugal	Lisboa	Unitary semi-presidential republic	President Marcelo de Sousa	PM António Seguro
		Republic of Romania Romania	Bucarest	Federal semi-presidential republic
		Republic of San Marino San Marino	San Marino City	Unitary assembly-independent diarchic directorial republic
		Serbia	Belgrade	Federal parliamentary republic
		Slovak Republic Slovakia	Bratislava	Unitary parliamentary republic
		Slovenia	Ljubljana	Unitary parliamentary republic
		Kingdom of Spain Spain	Madri	Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy	Monarch Felipe VI	PM Pedro Sanchez
		Kingdom of Sweden Sweden	Stockholm	Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy	Monarch Carl XVI Gustaf	PM Magdalena Anderson
		Swiss Confederation Swiss	Zurich	Federal assembly-independent directorial republic
		Kingdom of Great Britain United Kingdom	London	Federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy	Monarch Charles III	PM Jo Swinson
		Vatican City State Vatican	N/A	Unitary Roman Catholic theocratic elective monarchy	Soveraign Pope Francis	Secretary of State Pietro Parolin

Oceania[]

Countries and territories
Flag	Official name Name	Capital	Government	Leadership
Flag	Official name Name	Capital	Government	Head of state	Head of government
	Aotearoa	Wellington	Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy	Monarch Charles III Governor-General Cindy Kiro	PM Chris Hipkins
	Fiji	Suva	Unitary parliamentary republic
	Kingdom of Hawaii Hawaii	Honolulu	Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy
	Papua New Guinea	Port Moresby	Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy	Monarch Charles III
	Samoa	Apia	Unitary parliamentary republic	O le Ao o le Malo Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II	PM Fiamē Naomi Mataʻafa

Notes[]

↑ The U.S flag is composed of 7 stripes and a square on the upper hoist representing US-American independence (7/4/1776), with a circle of 8 stars representing the 8 major winds, as its culture influences and is influenced by different parts of the world. There are different interpretations for the meaning of the colors, but they are most likely to come from the colors of the British flag.
↑ The flag of Indonesia is horizontal bicolor of red (representing strength and volcanic eruptions painting the sky) and white (representing the desire for a peaceful relation between citizens), with a crescent moon and a hexagram/star on the upper hoist (mainly representing renewal and enlightenment, but also the 6 Kalimas, the Shatkona or the star of David).
↑ After the imperial and the communist era, the Russian flag was reversed to represent a "new hierarchy", with red on top representing the workers' daily sacrifice and blue in the middle representing a trustworthy State/Church. The white at the bottom represents Russian soil during the winter.
↑ The current flag of Lichtenstein is horizontally divided in blue-white with the Princely hat in the upper corner of the hoist. The blue is said to represent the sky while the white represents both a snow-covered ground (since the country is located in the Alps) and peace/neutrality.
↑ While the flag of The Netherlands is a horizontal tricolor of orange, white and blue, the flag of the Kingdom of The Netherlands (with includes the Dutch territories) is a tricolor with dark red, white and blue.

[1] The U.S flag is composed of 7 stripes and a square on the upper hoist representing US-American independence (7/4/1776), with a circle of 8 stars representing the 8 major winds, as its culture influences and is influenced by different parts of the world. There are different interpretations for the meaning of the colors, but they are most likely to come from the colors of the British flag.

[2] The flag of Indonesia is horizontal bicolor of red (representing strength and volcanic eruptions painting the sky) and white (representing the desire for a peaceful relation between citizens), with a crescent moon and a hexagram/star on the upper hoist (mainly representing renewal and enlightenment, but also the 6 Kalimas, the Shatkona or the star of David).

[3] After the imperial and the communist era, the Russian flag was reversed to represent a "new hierarchy", with red on top representing the workers' daily sacrifice and blue in the middle representing a trustworthy State/Church. The white at the bottom represents Russian soil during the winter.

[4] The current flag of Lichtenstein is horizontally divided in blue-white with the Princely hat in the upper corner of the hoist. The blue is said to represent the sky while the white represents both a snow-covered ground (since the country is located in the Alps) and peace/neutrality.

[5] While the flag of The Netherlands is a horizontal tricolor of orange, white and blue, the flag of the Kingdom of The Netherlands (with includes the Dutch territories) is a tricolor with dark red, white and blue.

[1]

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[3]

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[5]