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| Russian Federation Росси́йская Федера́ция Timeline: Differently | ||||||
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| Anthem: Патриотическая Песня "Patriotic Song" |
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 Location of Russia (green) with disputed territory of Ukraine (light green)
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| Capital (and largest city) | Moscow | |||||
| Official languages | Russian | |||||
| Other languages | Belarusian • Ukrainian • Kazakh • several Northwest Caucasian, Turkic and indigenous languages | |||||
| Religion | 75.8% Christianity -71.7% Orthodox -3.2% Catholic -0.9% other Christian 11.4 Irreligion 6.1% Islam 5.2% Zorastrianism 1.5% other |
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| Government | Federal semi-presidential republic under a nationalist government | |||||
| - | President | Viktoria Abramchenko | ||||
| - | Vice President | Sergey Baburin | ||||
| - | Prime Minister | Viktor Lukashenko | ||||
| Establishment | ||||||
| - | Kievan Rus' | 879 | ||||
| - | Vladimir-Suzdal | 1157 | ||||
| - | Grand Duchy of Moscow | 1263 | ||||
| - | Tsardom of Russia | 16 January 1547 | ||||
| - | Holy Russian Empire | 12 January 1815 | ||||
| - | Monarchy abolished | 15 March 1917 | ||||
| - | Soviet Union | 30 December 1922 | ||||
| - | Russian Federation | 4 December 1982 | ||||
| - | Reunification of Russia | 21 January 1997 | ||||
| Area | ||||||
| - | Total | 21,607,262 km2 8,342,610 sq mi |
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| Population | ||||||
| - | Estimate | 209,336,053 (5th) | ||||
| Currency | Russian ruble (₽) (RUB) |
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Russia (Russian: Россия), officially the Russian Federation (Russian: Росси́йская Федера́ция), is a vast country extending from Eastern Europe throughout Northern Asia up to North America. It is by far the largest country in the world, covering 21.6 million square kilometres, or more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, spanning thirteen time zones, and bordering sixteen sovereign nations. With 209.3 million inhabitants living in the country's 88 federal subjects as of 2020, Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the fifth-most populous in the world. Russia's capital and largest city is Moscow; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg, Kiev, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan and Chelyabinsk.
The East Slavs emerged as a recognisable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. The medieval state of Kievan Rus' arose in the 9th century. In 988, it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire. Rus' ultimately disintegrated, and the Grand Duchy of Moscow rose during the 15th century. From 862 to 1917 Russia was ruled by Rurik dynasty. By the 19th century, the nation had vastly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to evolve into the Holy Russian Empire, the third-largest empire in the world. After its major loss in the Crimean War, it began declining as it slowed down in industrialisation and liberalisation, compared to the other European powers. In 1905, a revolution established a de-jure constitutional monarchy, although it was unofficially still an autocratic society.
The monarchy was abolished following the Russian Revolution in 1917, and the Russian Soviet Republic became the world's first constitutionally socialist state. Following a civil war, the Russian SFSR established the Soviet Union with three other republics, as its largest and the principal constituent. The country underwent a period of rapid industrialisation at the expense of millions of lives. The Soviet Union emerged as a superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War. After the collapse of the Soviet regime in 1982, the modern Russian Federation was founded and became widely known as "West Russia", while the Soviet Union continued as East Russia until the reunification of Russia in 1997. Since 2001, the new united country has been autocraticising and abandoning Western policies.
Today, Russia is a major world power, and is a member of the League of Nations and BRAC.
History[]
Post-Soviet era (1982–1990)[]
After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1982, Russia became the legal successor to the former country, and for the first few years, it remained a socialist republic under Nikolay Tihonov who served in many positions in the previous Soviet system . The economy remained highly centralised, resulting in the continuation of the major economic recession that had plagued the Soviet Union since 1966. Freedom of speech and press was also a major issue in post-Soviet Russia, as Tihonov believed that Russia could survive as a communist state if the Soviet policies remained. This essentially removed all hope of reforming the government.
Under Tihonov, Russia still attempted to support all socialist nations, most notably the Confederation of American Socialist States, which had been fighting a guerilla war against the United States and its allies. Moscow sent weapons to the Socialist Confederate Army, and threatened to invade Canada and the United States in order to defend its communist ally. However, attempts to save the CASS failed, as eventually the communists fell from power and the Confederate States was officially restored in power. faced serious criticism from the Russian populace, which lead to an attempted coup by the Russian military in January 1979 to restore control - it resulted in a major major standoff between forces loyal to and forces loyal to the military, as fear of civil war emerged yet again.
Eventually, the two sides agreed to an agreement - Tihonov would transform Russia back into a capitalist society to improve the economy, and allow more liberal policies to make the Russian populace more happier. The government started working on a proper constitution to replace the previous Russian SFSR one. A constitutional referendum was held on 14 January 1984, with over 78.9% of voters voting in favour of the constitution. The constitution was officially adopted a day later by the Russian government.
Era of economic prosperity (1990–2000)[]
Putin era (2000–2008)[]
Present history (2008–present)[]
Borders and coast[]
The largest country in the world, Russia borders numerous nations: Finland, Estland, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Danubia and Vlachia to the west, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Chagatai, Uyghuristan, Mongolia, Manchuria, Korea and Japan to the south and Canada to the east.
Russia is bounded by the cold Arctic Ocean to the north, the North Pacific Ocean on the east and by the Black, Caspian and Aral Seas on the south.
Federal subjects[]
A map of Russia's federal subjects.
The subjects of the Russian Federation (Russian: субъекты Российской Федерации, romanized: subyekty Rossiyskoy Federatsii) are the constituent entities of Russia, its top-level political divisions according to the Constitution of Russia. Each federal subject belongs to one of the following types:
- Oblasts: The most common type of federal subject with a governor and locally elected legislature. Commonly named after their administrative centres.
- Republics: Nominally autonomous, each with its own constitution, language, and legislature but represented by the federal government in international affairs. Each is home to a specific ethnic minority.
- Krais: For all intents and purposes, krais are legally identical to oblasts. The title "krai" ("frontier" or "territory") is historic, related to geographic (frontier) position in a certain period of history. The current krais are not related to frontiers.
- Autonomous Okrugs: Occasionally referred to as "autonomous district", "autonomous area", and "autonomous region", each with a substantial or predominant ethnic minority.
- Federal Cities: Major cities that function as separate regions.
- Autonomous Oblast: There is only one
| Name | Capital/Admin Center [1] | Type | Area (km2) | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 Adygea(Адыге́я) (Адыгэ) |
Maykop | Republic | 7,600 | 447,109 |
 Alaska(Аля́ска) (Alax̂sxax̂) (Alaasikaq) (Alas'kaaq) (Alaskaq) (Anáaski) |
Novo-Arkhangelsk (Largest city: Alaska City) |
Republic | 663,268 | 710,249 |
 Bashkortostan(Башкортоста́н) (Башҡортостан) |
Ufa | Republic | 143,600 | 4,104,336 |
 Buryatia(Буря́тия) (Буряад) |
Ulan-Ude | Republic | 351,300 | 981,238 |
 Altai Republic(Респу́блика Алта́й) (Алтай Республика) |
Gorno-Altaysk | Republic | 92,600 | 202,947 |
 Kazakhstan(Казахстан) (Қазақстан) |
Astana | Republic | 2,724,900 | 18,711,560 |
 Dagestan(Дагеста́н) (Республика) (Дагъистаналъул) |
Makhachkala | Republic | 50,300 | 2,576,531 |
 Ingushetia(Гӏалгӏай) (Ингуше́тия) |
Magas (Largest city: Nazran) |
Republic | 4,000 | 467,294 |
 Chechnya(Чечня́) (Нохчийчоь) |
Grozny | Republic | 15,300 | 1,103,686 |
 Kabardino-Balkaria(Кабарди́но-Балка́рия) (Къэбэрдей-Балъкъэр) (Къабарты-Малкъар) |
Nalchik | Republic | 12,500 | 901,494 |
 Kalmykia(Калмы́кия) (Хальмг) |
Elista | Republic | 76,100 | 292,410 |
 Karachay-Cherkessia(Карача́ево-Черке́сская) |
Cherkessk | Republic | 14,100 | 439,470 |
 Karelia(Каре́лия) (Karjal) |
Petrozavodsk | Republic | 172,400 | 716,281 |
 Komi(Ко́ми) (Коми) |
Syktyvkar | Republic | 415,900 | 1,018,674 |
 Mari El(Мари́й Эл) (Марий Эл) (Мары Эл) |
Yoshkar-Ola | Republic | 23,200 | 727,979 |
 Mordovia(Мордо́вия) (Мордовия) |
Saransk | Republic | 26,200 | 888,766 |
 North Ossetia-Alania(Северная Осетия—Алания) (Цӕгат Ирыстон—Алани) |
Vladikavkaz | Republic | 8,000 | 710,275 |
 Tatarstan(Татарста́н) (Татарстан) |
Kazan | Republic | 68,000 | 3,779,265 |
 Tuva(Тува́) (Тыва) |
Kyzyl | Republic | 170,500 | 305,510 |
 Udmurtia(Удму́ртия) (Удмуртия) |
Izhevsk | Republic | 42,100 | 1,570,316 |
 Khakassia(Хака́сия) (Хака́с) |
Abakan | Republic | 61,900 | 546,072 |
 Belarus(Белоруссия) (Беларусь) |
Minsk | Republic | 207,595 | 9,408,400 |
 Ukraine(Украина) (Україна) |
Kyiv | Republic | 603,628 | 48,457,102 |
 Chuvashia(Чува́шия) (Чӑваш Ен) |
Cheboksary | Republic | 18,300 | 1,313,754 |
 Altai Krai(Алта́йский край) |
Barnaul | Krai | 169,100 | 2,607,426 |
 Kuban(Кубань) |
Krasnodar | Krai | 76,000 | 5,125,221 |
 Krasnoyarsk(Красноя́рск) |
Krasnoyarsk | Krai | 2,339,700 | 2,966,042 |
 Primorsky(Приморский) |
Vladivostok | Krai | 165,900 | 2,071,210 |
 Stavropol(Ставрополь) |
Stavropol | Krai | 66,500 | 2,735,139 |
 Khabarovsk(Хаба́ровск) |
Khabarovsk | Krai | 788,600 | 1,436,570 |
 Kamchatka(Камча́тка) |
Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky | Krai | 472,300 | 358,801 |
 Perm(Пермь) |
Perm | Krai | 160,600 | 2,819,421 |
 Zabaykalsky(Забайкальский) |
Chita | Krai | 431,500 | 1,155,346 |
 Amur(Аму́р) |
Blagoveshchensk | Oblast | 363,700 | 902,844 |
 Arkhangelsk(Арха́нгельск) |
Arkhangelsk | Oblast | 587,400 | 1,336,539 |
 Astrakhan(Астрахань) |
Astrakhan | Oblast | 44,100 | 1,005,276 |
 Belgorod(Белгород) |
Belgorod | Oblast | 27,100 | 1,511,620 |
 Bryansk(Брянск) |
Bryansk | Oblast | 34,900 | 1,378,941 |
 Vladimir(Влади́мир) |
Vladimir | Oblast | 29,000 | 1,523,990 |
 Volgograd(Волгогра́д) |
Volgograd | Oblast | 113,900 | 2,699,223 |
 Vologda(Вологда) |
Vologda (Largest city: Cherepovets) |
Oblast | 145,700 | 1,269,568 |
 Voronezh(Воронеж) |
Voronezh | Oblast | 52,400 | 2,378,803 |
 Ivanovo(Иваново) |
Ivanovo | Oblast | 21,800 | 1,148,329 |
 Irkutsk(Иркутск) |
Irkutsk | Oblast | 767,900 | 2,581,705 |
 Kaluga(Калу́га) |
Kaluga | Oblast | 29,900 | 1,041,641 |
 Kemerovo(Ке́мерово) |
Kemerovo | Oblast | 95,500 | 2,899,142 |
 Kirov(Ки́ров) |
Kirov | Oblast | 120,800 | 1,503,529 |
 Kostroma(Кострома́) |
Kostroma | Oblast | 60,100 | 736,641 |
 Kurgan(Курган) |
Kurgan | Oblast | 71,000 | 1,019,532 |
 Kursk(Курск) |
Kursk | Oblast | 29,800 | 1,235,091 |
 Petrograd(Петроград) |
Largest city: Gatchina[2] | Oblast | 84,500 | 1,669,205 |
 Lipetsk(Липецк) |
Lipetsk | Oblast | 24,100 | 1,213,499 |
 Magadan(Магадан) |
Magadan | Oblast | 461,400 | 182,726 |
 Moscow Oblast(Моско́вская о́бласть) |
Largest city: Balashikha[3] | Oblast | 44,300 | 6,618,538 |
 Murmansk(Му́рманск) |
Murmansk | Oblast | 144,900 | 892,534 |
 Nizhny Novgorod(Нижний Новгород) |
Nizhny Novgorod | Oblast | 76,900 | 3,524,028 |
 Novgorod(Новгород) |
Veliky Novgorod | Oblast | 55,300 | 694,355 |
 Novosibirsk(Новосиби́рск) |
Novosibirsk | Oblast | 178,200 | 2,692,251 |
 Omsk(Омск) |
Omsk | Oblast | 139,700 | 2,079,220 |
 Orenburg(Оренбург) |
Orenburg | Oblast | 124,000 | 2,179,551 |
 Oryol(Орёл) |
Oryol | Oblast | 24,700 | 860,262 |
 Penza(Пе́нза) |
Penza | Oblast | 43,200 | 1,452,941 |
 Pskov(Псков) |
Pskov | Oblast | 55,300 | 760,810 |
 Rostov(Ростов) |
Rostov-on-Don | Oblast | 100,800 | 4,404,013 |
 Ryazan(Рязань) |
Ryazan | Oblast | 39,600 | 1,227,910 |
 Sakhalin(Сахали́н) |
Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk | Oblast | 87,100 | 546,695 |
 Samara(Сама́ра) |
Samara | Oblast | 53,600 | 3,239,737 |
 Saratov(Сара́тов) |
Saratov | Oblast | 100,200 | 2,668,310 |
 Smolensk(Смоленск) |
Smolensk | Oblast | 49,800 | 1,049,574 |
 Sverdlovsk(Свердло́вск) |
Sverdlovsk | Oblast | 194,800 | 4,486,214 |
 Tambov(Тамбов) |
Tambov | Oblast | 34,300 | 1,178,443 |
 Tomsk(Томск) |
Tomsk | Oblast | 316,900 | 1,046,039 |
 Tula(Тула) |
Tula | Oblast | 25,700 | 1,675,758 |
 Tver(Тверь) |
Tver | Oblast | 84,100 | 1,471,459 |
 Tyumen(Тюмень) |
Tyumen | Oblast | 143,520 | 3,264,841 |
 Ulyanovsk(Ульяновск) |
Ulyanovsk | Oblast | 37,300 | 1,382,811 |
 Yaroslavl(Ярослáвль) |
Yaroslavl | Oblast | 36,400 | 1,367,398 |
 Moscow(Москва) |
Federal City | 2,511 | 10,382,754 | |
 Saint Petersburg(Санкт-Петербург) |
Federal City | 1,439 | 4,662,547 | |
 Jewish Autonomous Oblast(Евре́йская автоно́мная о́бласть) (ייִדישע אװטאָנאָמע געגנט) |
Birobidzhan | Autonomous Oblast | 36,000 | 190,915 |
 Chukotka Autonomous Okrug(Чукотский автономный округ) (Чукоткакэн автономныкэн округ) |
Anadyr | Autonomous Okrug | 737,700 | 53,824 |
 Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug–Yugra(Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ — Югра) (Хӑнты-Мансийской Aвтономной Округ) |
Khanty-Mansiysk (Largest city: Surgut) |
Autonomous Okrug | 523,100 | 1,432,817 |
 Nenets Autonomous Okrug(Не́нецкий автоно́мный о́круг) (Ненёцие автономной ӈокрук) |
Naryan-Mar | Autonomous Okrug | 176,700 | 41,546 |
 Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug(Яма́ло-Не́нецкий автоно́мный о́круг) (Ямалы-Ненёцие автономной ӈокрук) |
Salekhard (Largest city: Noyabrsk) |
Autonomous Okrug | 750,300 | 507,006 |
Notes[]
- ↑ The largest city will be listed, if it is different
- ↑ The governing bodies of the oblast are located in the city of St. Petersburg. However, St. Petersburg is not officially named to be the administrative center of the oblast.
- ↑ The governing bodies of the oblast are located in the city of Moscow. However, Moscow is not officially named to be the administrative center of the oblast.