Angu | ||
---|---|---|
Pronunciation | Angu | |
Spoken in | Angu | |
Region | Morobe Province | |
Total speakers | 100,000 | |
Language family | Trans-New Guinea
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Writing system | ? | |
Language codes | ||
ISO 639-1 | None | |
ISO 639-2 | – | |
ISO 639-3 | ang | |
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Name[]
History[]
Demographics[]
Grammar[]
Syntax[]
The Angu language follows a SOV order, which is why clitics are mostly used to express the "mood" of a sentence.
Mood clitics | |
---|---|
-i/-nji | indicative |
-ta | polar question |
-wâ | content question |
-ti | dubitative |
Pronouns[]
Personal Pronouns | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1SG | 2SG | 3SG | 1DL | 2/3DL | 1PL | 2PL | 3PL | |
basic | nji | si | ki | je | qe | ne | he | qu |
genitive -qa |
nqa n-qa |
tqa t-qa |
kiqa ki-qa |
jeqa je-qa |
qeqa qe-qa |
neqa ne-qa |
hiqa he-qa |
quwqa qu-qa |
genitive -jaqa |
njaqa n-jaqa |
saqa t-jaqa |
kijaqa (kejaqa) ki-jaqa |
jejaqa je-jaqa |
qejaqa qe-jaqa |
nejaqa ne-yaqa |
hejaqa (hijaqa) he-jaqa |
qujaqa qu-jaqa |
emphatic -ua |
nua n-ua |
tua t-ua |
kiua ki-ua |
jeua je-ua |
qeua qe-ua |
neua ne-ua |
hiua he-ua |
quwa qu-ua |
Demonstrative pronoun roots | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
near | far | indefinite | exactive | |
neutral | to | i | *hn | *qa |
level | *n | |||
above | *ya | |||
below | *m |
Demonstrative personal pronouns based on i | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
masculine -qu |
feminine -i ~ -u |
honorific -pa |
diminutive -pu ~ -su | |
singular | iqu i-qu |
ii i-i |
ipa i-pa |
ipu i-pu |
dual -aqu |
iquaqu i-qu-aqu |
iuaqu i-u-aqu |
ipequ i-pa-aqu |
isuaqu i-su-aqu |
plural -a |
iqua i-qu-a |
iua i-u-a |
ipe i-pa-a |
isua i-su-a |
Object and genitive forms of n.m.d. pronouns | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | dual | plural | |
object-(Vowel) | ique i-qu-e |
iquaqui i-qu-aqu-i |
iquau i-qu-a-u |
genitive-qa | iqueqa i-qu-e-qa |
iquaquijqa i-qu-aqu-i-qa |
iquauqa i-qu-a-u-qa |
genitive-ua | iqueua i-qu-e-ua |
iquaquiua i-qu-aqu-i-ua |
iquaua i-qu-a-ua |
M.sg.d. pronouns | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
near | mid | far | indefinite | exactive | |
neutral | toqu to-qu this one |
iqu i-qu that one |
hnqu hn-qu someone |
qaqu qa-qu the very one | |
level | nequ n-e-qu the one there |
nanu n-nu the one way over there |
|||
above | jequ j-e-qu the one up there |
janu ja-nu the one way up there | |||
below | mequ ~ biqu m-e-qu ~ m-t-qu the one down there |
manu m-nu the one way down there |
m. and f. n. demonstratives-subject form | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
m/sg | m/dl | m/pl | f/sg | f/dl | f/pl | |
first person | iqun(a) i-qu-n |
iquje i-qu-je |
iqune i-qu-ne |
inja i-i-n |
iuaje -i-u-je |
ine i-u-ne |
second person | iquki i-qu-ki |
iquangu i-qu-angu |
iquen(ja) i-qu-en |
iki i-i-ki |
iuangu i-u-angu |
iuen(ja) i-u-en |
third person | iqu i-qu |
iquaqu i-qu-aqu |
iqua i-qu-a |
ii i-i |
iuaqu i-u-aqu |
iua i-u-a |
Nouns[]
hika | stone | knua | thought | ana | house village place |
qu'ujqa | human spirit |
ya | tree | buaya | sweet potato | quwqa | leaf | qui | bad |
tasipequ | older brother | nguequ | younger brother | qoka | man | apaka | woman |
Phonology[]
Consonants[]
Latin Script | Angu Script | IPA | English approximation |
---|---|---|---|
m | /m/ | him | |
n | /n/ | month | |
nj1 | /ɲ/ | N/A (spanish ñ) | |
ń2 | /ŋ/ | sing | |
p | /p/ | pack | |
t | /t̪/ | thin | |
ć | /t͡ʃ/ | leach | |
k | /k/ | kiss | |
q | /q/ | cut (London accent) | |
b | /mb/ | aback | |
d | /ⁿd̪/ | then (Ulster accent) | |
đ | /nd͡ʑ/ | N/A | |
g | /ŋɡ/ | gaggle | |
q | /ŋq/ | cut (London accent) | |
h | /h/ | high | |
j | /j/ | you | |
w | /w/ | weep | |
' | /ʔ/ | uh-oh |
1 - Nj is a diphtongue that evolved due to the 1sg nji. The previous form was ň.
2 - ń has disappeared from writings after few years of scarce use. The sound is now present as an alophone of n in fron of k and q
Vowels[]
Latin Script | Angu Script | IPA | English approximation |
---|---|---|---|
i | ? | /i/ | seek |
u | ? | /u/ | pool |
e | ? | /e/ | den |
o | ? | /o/ | lord |
a | ? | /a/ | father |
â3 | ? | /ɒ/ | law |
3 - After many years of trade with Portuguese, this vowel was slowly lost and most words now dropped it or replaced it with a or o.
Orthography[]
Numerals[]
Footnotes[]
Languages for future reference | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Kâte | Tifal | Huli numerals | TNG | Muhiang |
Many portions of this grammar were made with the help of Carl R. Whitehead's Menyan grammar doctoral thesis. I (SkyGreen24) express my thanks to him.
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