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1890[]
The Cholera outbreak finally ends in Europe having caused upward of 12 million casualties across the entirety of Europe from Iberia to Russia.
Polish Communists and Syndicalists expand their reach building major cells of resistance within Russian controlled Poland, and German controlled Poland, respectively, in secret.
The first use of Recoil-operated Machine guns on Natives prove the outright superiority of the European militaries over the African tribes and native states expanding their subjugation of the continent in a much faster fashion.
An Unsung Naval Arms race begins in Europe as every major naval power looks to be building or developing major technologies or ships for use in potential future conflicts.
In Eastern Arcadia, the civilians reject Borealian occupation and continue to support the LEL despite civilian deaths or government recognition of English. They are resolute in their opposition to this bare-faced colonialism. The Burgundian attempts to make them sign a promise not to fight leads to a policy of abstention in which parties stand for elections, win them and then do not attend the legislature.
Rather than hiding from the counter-insurgency units the League of Empire Loyalists confront them in attacks of their own being equipped similarly and relying on the fact they also move in small groups to gain numerical superiority and defeat them group by group. The insurgency continues.
- Vinland: Vinland begins building a navy and asks Borealia for help with building it.
- Borealian Diplomacy: We agree to aid Vinland in the creation of their navy. In particular, we offer to sell several older ships to them, to build a small number of new ships for them, and to help educate and train their officers.
- FS of Arcadia: The Dwuamiçio is officially adopted by the Federated States of Arcadia as its national anthem. Use of this anthem will be on foreign diplomatic missions and during special events in the FSA. The state governments of Küstenland and Bergsorbien also begin to see the value in immigration due to their low population being threatening the defence and administration of their states. Because of this, they will allow all immigration and if immigrants can farm an unused peace of land for five years that they can keep this land. The Federal Government also officially gives the Federal states the right to form militias although no federal money will go into them making them full dependent of state funds. Although these militias are not allowed to attack without federal approval except when no contact in any matter is possible. The funds that the federal government was spending on these militias is now being given to the Republican Navy of Arcadia. The navy getting new ship although most of them not being classed properly and being made on a case by case requirement. Due to this, we request a deal to the Belkan government where for ship building none of their citizens having any kind taxation and getting bison leather and gold from the FSA mines around New Leipzig.(player response)The Ministry of Communication and Transport also constructs the First Railroad from Providence to New Leipzig to New Constantinople and to Dwuamish, and many other smaller towns on the way get rail stops. This railroad also is meant to connect Providence to the FSA fully and with the railroad a series of Telegram lines are constructed.
- Kingdom of Burgundy: the battleships Skagerrak and Ostend finish their trial runs, and join the I Battle Squadron of the High Seas Fleet. Four more Austrasien-class battleships are laid down this year, with plans for the final one to be laid down next year. Also laid down are the four new battleships of the Holland-class. Somewhat smaller than the Austrasiens (11,000 tons vs 14,500 tons), and a half knot slower (17 knots vs 17.5 knots), they carry similar armor, and are armed with six 11” high-velocity rifles - a third turret is mounted amidship - capable of penetrated more armor at farther ranges than the 14” guns mounted on the Monarch-, Skagerrak-, and Austrasien-classes. Another improvement the Hollands make, is that while they use barbettes like previous battleships, they include an armored shield over the top of the barbette, granting protection to the gun crews. While different in design - and significantly lighter - than previous turrets, the new “enclosed barbettes” are often referred to as turrets. The current naval expansion, planned to make the Burgundian Navy “second to no other two”, means for the first time, privately owned companies - such as Blohm & Wolff in Antwerp, Wilton-Fijenoord in Rotterdam, and Frederik Krupp Belgicawerft in Amsterdam - are contracted to build battleships for the navy while the capital ship building slips in naval yards are expanded. In regards to the English insurgency, the Burgundian counter-insurgents in Maryland, now dubbed “Rangers”, beginning this year are equipped with the new Maessen Model 1888, Burgundy's first, and now standard issue, smokeless powder rifle. Also joining them are Maessen Model-1887 lever-action shotguns (OTL Winchester Model 1887). Their use of smokeless powder rifles helps turn the tide, as now their positions aren’t given away when they fire, and the stooping power and rapid fire of the 1887 shotguns (compared to contemporary double-barrel shotguns), provide a hefty blow to insurgents morale during combat. In another blow to the League, Marylander regulars find and raid a major smuggling operation supplying the insurgents with weapons. Also discovered during the raid is a list of safe houses, where new weapons are stored for pick up by the insurgents. This allows the Rangers to set up ambushes that kill or capture many as they make their way to these safe houses. In the political front, in response to the abstension by League collaborators, the Maryland legislature passes a resolution declaring that those candidates which refuse to take their seat after a month after their term begins will then have their seats forfeited to the runner up candidate. A grace period of a month is given to allow League collaborating legislators to arrive, but those that fail to do so are declared having conceded their seats to their runners up. By and large, the runners up from the recently annexed lands favor working within the political system to better the English speaking people, instead of outright violence. George Albert Lee, who unlike most from his party took his seat after his victory, quickly becomes the leader of the pro-English opposition. Believing that a prolonged insurgency will only instill hatred between the English-speaking, and Burgundian populations, he resolves himself to work within the Maryland legislature to advance the rights of the English speaking population.
- Aztlán: The legislature awaits the answer of Providence on the land deal. Meanwhile, Aztlán begins construction of a single battleship, the Centenario, in Merida harbor. Meanwhile, basic infrastructure begins to spread up to the industrial, less sanitary north of the country. In addition, the government standardizes the widths of rail lines across the country. And in the case of Benito I? He's reclining on a bed in the suburbs of Tenochtitlan, the stress of over 20 years of ruling beginning to ease.
- Belkan Empire: The Empire continues to see its development internally as its northern infrastructure projects reach completion and more thoroughly link the Carpathian, Transylvanian and Moldavian regions with the core sectors of the empire. Standing at a population of 93 million and effectively out of land to settle within the home regions, the outflow of Belkans specifically to colonies such as the Maghreb begins. Richer businessmen and aristocrats flow to colonies where their opportunities would be better and places like Macau and Hong Kong see an influx of nearly 25,000 Belkans this year. Damietta, a leased port and being close, and the hub of Belkan trade in Egypt also sees its population grow from a modest trading city and military post to the city becoming a modern Belkan city with nearly 65,000 alone this year arriving to settle in the cities underutilized and underdeveloped districts. By far, however, Belkan Maghreb sees the largest influx with nearly 150,000 settlers this year as its open lands and profitable industries make it an attractive location. The main settlement location sees itself in Tunis with Tunis Harbor starting to develop thoroughly into one of the largest ports on the African continent. With some syndicalist sympathies in the government, the Belkan Supreme Soviet extends an offer of an independence guarantee to Poland. The 1871 naval program is officially scrapped as the 1885 program is established looking to increase the Belkan navy into a force of nearly 250 ships at the cost of being able to effectively deploy a large amount of Belkan manpower. It is estimated that the effective troop strength with Belka so focused on the Navy would be 2.5 million men at peak efficiency while any further raising of troops would be of lower quality or reservists. The amassing of military and exploratory units into Belkan claims in Africa continues with nearly 10,000 men organized into exploratory missions throughout the African interior specifically hoping to map a major route from Belkan Zaire to Belkan Kanem. The Belkan government authorizes the sale of the MK1 and MK2 Needle Rifles to both Egypt and Arabia seeking to modernize its allies and those in its sphere of influence. The Belkan government officially dismantles Belkan East Asia as a unified entity and splits it into directly controlled overseas cities of Durestov and Macau and establishes separate colonial governments for Manila and Burma. Belkan construction of the Chinese ships to be delivered next year nears completion. The outbreak of Cholera looks to have killed upward of 750,000 people in its first year and its expected another 400,000 will die this year. However, a huge emergency spending measure is put down to improve sanitation across the entirety of the European empire. Belka also agrees to help Egypt with its own sanitation and disease problems.
- Crown Colony of Zaire: Exports to Belka increase once again. However, the funds derived from them are not diverted solely into the hands of the administration. The Colony champions its first railway this year as infrastructure jobs in particular are in high demand and thousands of Zairean peoples are employed. The Administration, hoping to engender goodwill, pays them relatively well and hopes they will purchase consumer goods and improve their lives significantly. This is explored further as Belkan architect-style housing is constructed in an affordable way for those subjects who can afford it in New Thessograd - as well as in various Zairean cities. They don't fill up dramatically but their purpose is clear, the Zairean people are not to be treated as exploitable subjects but as valuable members of the empire. This is not entirely seen as positive as many agree that the Belkans are ruthless colonial oppressors but nothing can be done against them. The exploration up the Congo River continues as does expansion. Zaire's first railway is constructed from a major rubber producing site to its largest interior city and then to Novo Thessograd on the coast expanding the rubber boom further. The Colony of Zaire is allowed a colonial militia force of roughly 30,000 with reserves of 400,000 able to be recruited as the Belkan military garrison begins to follow the same policies as Belkan Maghreb.
- Crown Colony of Gabon: As of this year the Belkan military administration is dismantled in favor of a colonial administration and Gabon sees a proper census this year noting to contain roughly 1.2 million people within the colony. Various infrastructural projects are implemented as it seeks to connect many of the towns and cities. In order to bring some goodwill between the natives and the small Belkan administrative presence, gifts of modern consumer goods are brought to make the peoples' lives easier. Many are even employed with decent pay as they are given heavy incentives to abandon their tribal lifestyles. Exploration along the interior continues and claims and treaties are made with natives.
- Dependency of Kanem: The Kanem dependency this year sees further development as a well traveled and developed route through the Sahara is built up. The Belkan investment of and shipping in of some industrial machines increases the relative output which sees its resources exported somewhat and in many other cases used to purchase consumer goods in mass numbers, further fueling the Belkan consumer goods industry at home. The Belkan administration begins to explore and stake claims to the surrounding region from Kanem. The region's population begins to boom as a result of the influx of surplus food from the Saharan trade route - which sees the beginning of the railway being constructed. The discovery of gold in Kanem sparks a rush of investment. This does, however, see the tertiary opening of multiple cement factories in Kanem's capital which attract workers due to the high pay. The railway from Kanem's capital to the Maghrebi city of Tunis continues. Expansion south and west begins with a major claim being staked on the deserts to the west and now lands to the east and south.
- Governate of Manila: The Governate of Manila now officially split off as its own separate colonial entity is able to more effectively capitalize on its resources and population. Interestingly enough, Manila has seen a rapid and dynamic industrialization as its connection into the Belkan system and its status as Belka's model colony has seen it gain the vast majority of East Asian investment, settlement and attention. With a population now reaching 17 million the influx of industrialization into Manila sees a push in its population which begins to boom with access to modern medicine, technology, new railways and transport, and the official abolition of the feudal system in Manila in favor of a provincial system centered around the well-defended triplicate of colonial governing sites on the main islands.
- Governate of Burma: The governate of Burma becomes known as the "mountain of jewels" to the Belkan empire as its extraction of precious gems becomes known all across the empire and even the world. Its cities begin to more fully and effectively urbanize in the face of Belkan modernization attempts, and the building of industry under Belkan ownership sees the colony become much more profitable.
- Crown Colony of Maghreb: The Maghrebi colony - with authorization from the homeland - begins offering Maghrebis who serve in civil service and military service citizenship of the empire, refusing to deny them citizenship over trivial matters of their ethnic background. They would be learning culture and language from the Belkan civic and armed services. The textile factories within the colony continue to expand as Belkan immigrants and Maghrebi civilians continue to move into working there. The Tunis-Kanem Railway is put under construction as various retaining and reclamation structures throughout the desert are erected and the railway between both colonies begins construction it reaches completion this year as the two colonial capitals are officially linked over land. Other railways are also constructed radiating out from Algiers and Tunis which wants to connect the two cities and push into the Libyan desert to the east as well. The need for a colonial army becomes apparent - and funded by domestic budget, the Maghrebi colonial army is formed around a force of 50,000 with a large reserve of nearly 300,000 that can be conscripted within a short period. They are trained with older equipment but arsenals of modern guns are kept under control in the Tunis and Algiers Citadel held by the Belkan crown garrisons.
- Borealia: A new firearm begins development to replace older rifle models. It is a five-shot, bolt-action, internal magazine-fed, rifle design (similar to the OTL Mosin–Nagant). The Liberal Party's agenda to pass pro-English reforms is stalled somewhat when a portion of the English representatives don't show up to Congress, allowing certain proposals to be shot down. As a result the main absent party, the People's Party, loses a large portion of its base, allowing the other predominately English parties, or other parties which appeal to the English, to rise in popularity. Terrorist attacks are carried out which continue to polarize the people of the nation. Due to the high troop count stated in the region more and more of these events become sloppy in their execution, leading to accidental deaths of civilians, primarily other English. The rebellious groups operating in full view, i.e. those with military equipment attempting to stage a full, armed rebellion, are defeated in a series of battles by the military. The majority of the insurgents, who operate covertly are slowly combatted with special forces trained in counterespionage and covert missions themselves. Under the pretext of helping to quell violence and overpopulation, English families are offered opportunities to move from certain cities, such as Bilzen and Koebecstad. In some cases the military begins to move people by force, leading to settlement of Avelskamp. At the same time these same cities see increased Burgundian settlement, as well as settlement by immigrants from outside the nation, and the government begins offering reduced prices on land and homes left vacant after the war or from any migrations. The CIB (centraal inlichtingenbureau) is expanded to help combat the insurgents, and beginning this year the "LEL" is momentarily splintered when government agents manage to infiltrate and cause infighting. Elsewhere certain leaders are imprisoned as well.
- Great Empire of China–Korea: There is a delay in the Nanjing National Exhibition, as a portion of the Jade Palace collapses. Instead, its opening is delayed until 1891, next year. The batch of ships planned for commission in 1890, consisting of ten frigates, is completed this year in the Dalyeon Naval Arsenal. The Imperial Navy now consists of 74 warships, of which 54 are ironclad. There are two regional fleets: the Bohai Fleet (which has two battleships, six cruisers, eight destroyers, 20 frigates, and ten corvettes), and the Guangzhou Fleet (a single battleship, three cruisers, four destroyers, ten frigates and corvettes each). Arms production continues to grow rapidly, with bolt-action rifles (the locally-developed TJ-83s) and their carbine derivatives, field artillery (steel rifle-barrelled breech-loaders), rapid-fire guns, as well as their respective ammunition being produced. The standing army remains at one million active personnel. A new model for the TJ-83 known as the Type 90, which uses smokeless powder as well as a magazine-fed mechanism (fitting up to five rounds), is made. This increases the rate of fire from eight rounds to 10–15 rounds each minute.
- Tibet (protectorate): Civic buildings are constructed in the capital of Lhasa, which is inhabited by ~20,000 residents. Sedentary living is encouraged, with the little available arable land being intensively cultivated. Major crops include wheat and rye. A garrison of a single brigade (~5000) is stationed there, armed with Needle Rifles.
- Altishahria (protectorate): More mining facilities are opened in Aksu, exploiting the Tarim basin's mining resources. Lucrative minerals such as soda, borax and jade are the country's main exports to China–Korea. In addition to grains, cash crops are grown, specifically grapes, melons, pears, and walnuts. There is a ranching boom, with many former pastoralists establishing enclosures for livestock. The main product is wool (from sheep), with processing facilities established in the capital and other major cities as preparation for further processing in China–Korea's textile mills. Korla becomes Altishahria's largest city due to continuous migration and its position as a major break-of-bulk point, with a total of ~100,000 inhabitants. As a result, the Altishahr government relocates there, and various civic buildings are constructed. A garrison of two divisions (~20,000) is stationed there, armed with Needle Rifles.
- Dzungaria (protectorate): Civic buildings are constructed in the capital of Ghulka, which is inhabited by ~20,000 residents. With the discovery of rich extensive oil deposits in the area, the government establishes the Dzungar Oil Company and begins drilling, with the aid of Sino–Korean capital and equipment. Oil refineries are built nearby and supply energy to Dzungaria itself and northwest China, and to provide kerosene (via distillation) for street lamps. A garrison of 12 divisions (~120,000) is present, armed with Needle Rifles. The bulk of this military force is stationed in the Dzungarian Gate, which is heavily fortified due to its position as the sole overland entry point into Western China.
1891[]
The LEL continues fighting but at their meeting in London they decide on a new strategy under their leader Jacob Rees - Mogg who describes his plan for a War of Long duration. They will cease constant attacking in favour of an attrition strategy. They conserve their forces by blending more with the local population and only attacking occasionaly although still launching attacks on new settlers from who provide good targets and isolated forces. The policy of abstention continues with them winning but not taking many seats.
Angered at the loss of the last war. New England, Savannah and Avalon as well as Britain all supply the LEL with weapons secretly. They also embark on major military spending programmes to update their land forces and in the case of Britain to build up a much stronger fleet.
The naval arms race grows as Britain and France both fund major new capital ship construction programmes.
The Russian economy takes an upturn with a new Minister of Finance, Denis Cheryshev who embarks on a programme of agricultural reform to strengthen individual farmers.
- Borealia: In sports preparations continue for the first Olympic Games taking place next year in Attina, Belka. The new rifle design from the previous year begins production, known as the M1891. New small arms factories are opened in the north of the nation to increase production, with plans to slowly upgrade the entire army, as well as supply to Burgundy and its allies/colonies. A decrease in the number of outright attacks by rebels is noted. Garrisoned soldiers are not put their guard down, fortifying the newly created line of fortresses on the edges of the nation. Taking inspiration from the home country of Burgundy, an entire strategic defensive line is planned as an upgrade of the already existing elements. This line will start from the southern point in New Jersey, through Wilmington, across the borders of Unamia and Alleghany, and north to the Great Lakes. In the west This will mean a strategic fortress located on the banks of the riverboard near Buffelstad, another along the length of the state of Koebec, and one in northern Ontario. This is to enforce a new policy of complete defense in the case of attack. It is observed that in the few confrontations fought between our soldiers and rebellious units, that their armaments seemingly continue to increase despite our crackdown. It is hypothesized that English colonies are smuggling arms into the nation and outfitting rebels, and based on these suspicions we station border guards to monitor any movement into or out of the nation. As a show of force the garrison on the border is increased, and the navy is strengthened near New England as well. The Secretary of State issues a statement demanding that all nations immediately cease aiding rebel factions, or the nation will be forced to issue sanctions, a blockade, and perhaps even military intervention in Avalon and New England (Mod Response). Meanwhile, despite attempts by the "LEL" overall to stop orchestrating terrorist attacks, a small number continue to occur anyway by belligerent, rogue citizens. The government decides to heavily cover terrorist activity in the newspapers and other media, and in some cases even exaggerate such attacks. A propaganda campaign begins playing to people's sympathies, painting the "LEL" as barbaric and murderous. After it is discovered that four children younger than the age of eight were killed in a small attack this year, they become poster children for action against the "LEL". Slowly the forced migrations pick up steam, especially in Bilzen and Koebecstad. In Bilzen, half of the city's approximately 450,000 citizens have been relocated to Avelskamp, among other places, while another 200,000 people have migrated into the city. Additionally all across the new states entirely new communities form, due to the government's policy of practically giving away land to Burgundians and other immigrants. The states of Koebec and Nausetia see heavy settlement especially. The navy sees heavy revamping for the first time since the war ended, including several new ships being constructed. A few older ships are sold to Vinland, and we begin helping them to train their navy.
- Imperial Swahili Federation: We continue colonial expansion in Northern Somalia, in the south and in the Malindi and Mombasa area. Colonization increases as medicine and weaponry become more widespread. Agricultural modernization continues in Swahili. Further industrialization continues. More rail lines are constructed in Swahili, improving colonization.
- Sefuwa: The colonies of Swahili continue development and expansion.
- Great Empire of China–Korea: The Nanjing National Exhibition is unveiled, with the Jade Palace showcasing thousands of artifacts, paintings, and other forms of arts representing thousands of years of Chinese and Korean history. The event, which is free of charge, is warmly received by critics and is very popular among the public; in total, over a million people visited the event in its opening month. The incumbent Prime Minister, Li Hongzhang, secures his fourth term as the Prime Minister. However, the Populist Party itself splits into two: the center-left Liberal–Democratic Party (LDP) and the center-right National-Conservative Party (NCP) – of which Li Hongzhang is a member of the latter. Ma Raya releases her third studio album Music Box, which once again peaks at top of the charts. Four singles are released from the album. The first two, "Dreamlover" and "Hero" become her seventh and eighth chart topper, while the third single reaches position number three. The Jade Shards disband after years of conflict within the group. However, the Seoul Entertainment Company debuts another girl group known as the "Jeju Girls". They release their first EP, From Jeju Island, with the single "Magic Girl" climbing from number 76 to number one and maintaining the top position for three weeks and ultimately ranking number three in year-end charts. Educational attainment rises, with increasing enrollment into imperial universities. Rapid industrialization and economic modernization continue. With the secondary sector comprising 13.4% of the total economy, China–Korea's gross industrial output is the third place only to Russia and Belka. China–Korea continues to stress the development of its light industries, as to avoid competition from Europe. In particular, the textiles and chemicals industries are emphasized. However, the infrastructural boom has induced the boom in the production of steel, machinery, locomotives, cement, and glass-making. Steel production now incorporates the open-hearth process because of its efficiency, as it avoids the issue of overexposure to air. Telecommunications and railway lines are built, which promotes connectivity between major cities and towns–which will result in the stimulation and facilitation of commerce. In light of recent changes in naval doctrine, China–Korea's naval strategists revise the Imperial Navy's composition – in particular increasing the proportion of destroyers while reducing the proportion of frigates and cruisers. However, the current cruisers will be decommissioned and replaced by armored cruisers that will be larger in size and displacement, and will have higher armament as well as side armor due to the advent of rapid-fire guns and more effective shells. In addition, the wooden-hulled corvettes, which have been reduced to auxiliary role, will be completely decommissioned. The Imperial Navy launches an ambitious program to build 30 ships by 1893. The planned ships, which will be constructed in the Dalyeon Shipyard, consists of: four armoured cruisers, 16 destroyers and ten frigates. Arms production continues to grow rapidly, with repeating rifles and their carbine derivatives, field artillery, machine guns, and their respective ammunition being produced. The production of the "Type 83" is halted in favor of the "Type 90", which uses smokeless powder and has a magazine-fed mechanism. The standing army remains at a million active personnel distributed among six major forts.
- Tibet (protectorate): Civic buildings are constructed in the capital of Lhasa, which is inhabited by ~20,000 residents. Sedentary living is encouraged, with the little available arable land being intensively cultivated. Major crops include wheat and rye. A garrison of a single brigade (~5000) is stationed there, armed with excess bolt-action rifles.
- Altishahria (protectorate): More mining facilities are opened in Aksu, exploiting the Tarim basin's mining resources. Lucrative minerals such as soda, borax and jade are the country's main exports to China–Korea. In addition to grains, cash crops are grown, specifically grapes, melons, pears, and walnuts. There is a ranching boom, with many former pastoralists establishing enclosures for livestock. The main product is wool (from sheep), with processing facilities established in the capital and other major cities as preparation for further processing in China–Korea's textile mills. Korla becomes Altishahria's largest city due to continuous migration and its position as a major break-of-bulk point, with a total of ~150,000 inhabitants. As a result, the Altishahr government relocates there, and various civic buildings are constructed. A garrison of two divisions (~20,000) is stationed there, armed with excess bolt-action rifles.
- Dzungaria (protectorate): Civic buildings are constructed in Ghulja, which is inhabited by 20,000 residents. The nationalized Dzungar Oil Company increases the scale of their operations in the area, constructing multiple oil mines and refineries. In addition to supplying energy to northwest China, the company also provides kerosene for street lamps as well as other industrial chemicals via distillation. A garrison of 12 divisions (~120,000) is present, armed with excess bolt-action rifles. The bulk of this military force is stationed in the Dzungarian Gate, which is heavily fortified due to its position as the sole overland entry point into Western China.
- Belkan Empire: The Empire continues to see its development internally as its northern infrastructure projects reach completion and more thoroughly link the Carpathian, Transylvanian and Moldavian regions with the core sectors of the empire. Standing at a population of 93 million and effectively out of land to settle within the home regions, the outflow of Belkans specifically to colonies such as the Maghreb begins. Richer businessmen and aristocrats flow to colonies where their opportunities would be better and places like Macau and Hong Kong see an influx of nearly 25,000 Belkans this year. Damietta, a leased port and being close, and the hub of Belkan trade in Egypt also sees its population grow from a modest trading city and military post to the city becoming a modern Belkan city with nearly 65,000 alone this year arriving to settle in the cities underutilized and underdeveloped districts. By far, however, Belkan Maghreb sees the largest influx with nearly 150,000 settlers this year as its open lands and profitable industries make it an attractive location. The main settlement location sees itself in Tunis with Tunis Harbor starting to develop thoroughly into one of the largest ports on the African continent. With some syndicalist sympathies in the government, the Belkan Supreme Soviet extends an offer of an independence guarantee to Poland. The 1871 naval program is officially scrapped as the 1885 program is established looking to increase the Belkan navy into a force of nearly 250 ships at the cost of being able to effectively deploy a large amount of Belkan manpower. It is estimated that the effective troop strength with Belka so focused on the Navy would be 2.5 million men at peak efficiency while any further raising of troops would be of lower quality or reservists. The amassing of military and exploratory units into Belkan claims in Africa continues with nearly 10,000 men organized into exploratory missions throughout the African interior specifically hoping to map a major route from Belkan Zaire to Belkan Kanem. The Belkan government authorizes the sale of the MK1 and MK2 Needle Rifles to both Egypt and Arabia seeking to modernize its allies and those in its sphere of influence. The Belkan government officially dismantles Belkan East Asia as a unified entity and splits it into directly controlled overseas cities of Durestov and Macau and establishes separate colonial governments for Manila and Burma. Belkan construction of the Chinese ships to be delivered next year nears completion. The outbreak of Cholera looks to have killed upward of 750,000 people in its first year and its expected another 400,000 will die this year. However, a huge emergency spending measure is put down to improve sanitation across the entirety of the European empire. Belka also agrees to help Egypt with its own sanitation and disease problems.
- Crown Colony of Zaire: Exports to Belka increase once again. However, the funds derived from them are not diverted solely into the hands of the administration. The Colony champions its first railway this year as infrastructure jobs in particular are in high demand and thousands of Zairean peoples are employed. The Administration, hoping to engender goodwill, pays them relatively well and hopes they will purchase consumer goods and improve their lives significantly. This is explored further as Belkan architect-style housing is constructed in an affordable way for those subjects who can afford it in New Thessograd - as well as in various Zairean cities. They don't fill up dramatically but their purpose is clear, the Zairean people are not to be treated as exploitable subjects but as valuable members of the empire. This is not entirely seen as positive as many agree that the Belkans are ruthless colonial oppressors but nothing can be done against them. The exploration up the Congo River continues as does expansion. Zaire's first railway is constructed from a major rubber producing site to its largest interior city and then to Novo Thessograd on the coast expanding the rubber boom further. The Colony of Zaire is allowed a colonial militia force of roughly 30,000 with reserves of 400,000 able to be recruited as the Belkan military garrison begins to follow the same policies as Belkan Maghreb.
- Crown Colony of Gabon: As of this year the Belkan military administration is dismantled in favor of a colonial administration and Gabon sees a proper census this year noting to contain roughly 1.2 million people within the colony. Various infrastructural projects are implemented as it seeks to connect many of the towns and cities. In order to bring some goodwill between the natives and the small Belkan administrative presence, gifts of modern consumer goods are brought to make the peoples' lives easier. Many are even employed with decent pay as they are given heavy incentives to abandon their tribal lifestyles. Exploration along the interior continues and claims and treaties are made with natives.
- Dependency of Kanem: The Kanem dependency this year sees further development as a well traveled and developed route through the Sahara is built up. The Belkan investment of and shipping in of some industrial machines increases the relative output which sees its resources exported somewhat and in many other cases used to purchase consumer goods in mass numbers, further fueling the Belkan consumer goods industry at home. The Belkan administration begins to explore and stake claims to the surrounding region from Kanem. The region's population begins to boom as a result of the influx of surplus food from the Saharan trade route - which sees the beginning of the railway being constructed. The discovery of gold in Kanem sparks a rush of investment. This does, however, see the tertiary opening of multiple cement factories in Kanem's capital which attract workers due to the high pay. The railway from Kanem's capital to the Maghrebi city of Tunis continues. Expansion south and west begins with a major claim being staked on the deserts to the west and now lands to the east and south.
- Governate of Manila: The Governate of Manila now officially split off as its own separate colonial entity is able to more effectively capitalize on its resources and population. Interestingly enough, Manila has seen a rapid and dynamic industrialization as its connection into the Belkan system and its status as Belka's model colony has seen it gain the vast majority of East Asian investment, settlement and attention. With a population now reaching 17 million the influx of industrialization into Manila sees a push in its population which begins to boom with access to modern medicine, technology, new railways and transport, and the official abolition of the feudal system in Manila in favor of a provincial system centered around the well-defended triplicate of colonial governing sites on the main islands.
- Governate of Burma: The governate of Burma becomes known as the "mountain of jewels" to the Belkan empire as its extraction of precious gems becomes known all across the empire and even the world. Its cities begin to more fully and effectively urbanize in the face of Belkan modernization attempts, and the building of industry under Belkan ownership sees the colony become much more profitable.
- Crown Colony of Maghreb: The Maghrebi colony - with authorization from the homeland - begins offering Maghrebis who serve in civil service and military service citizenship of the empire, refusing to deny them citizenship over trivial matters of their ethnic background. They would be learning culture and language from the Belkan civic and armed services. The textile factories within the colony continue to expand as Belkan immigrants and Maghrebi civilians continue to move into working there. The Tunis-Kanem Railway is put under construction as various retaining and reclamation structures throughout the desert are erected and the railway between both colonies begins construction it reaches completion this year as the two colonial capitals are officially linked overland. Other railways are also constructed radiating out from Algiers and Tunis which wants to connect the two cities and push into the Libyan desert to the east as well. The need for a colonial army becomes apparent - and funded by domestic budget, the Maghrebi colonial army is formed around a force of 50,000 with a large reserve of nearly 300,000 that can be conscripted within a short period. They are trained with older equipment but arsenals of modern guns are kept under control in the Tunis and Algiers Citadel held by the Belkan crown garrisons.
- FS of Arcadia: Dwuamish Habour begin to expanding: With many industries advancing of them: shipbuilding, Agricultural Tech, Book manufacturing and Communication. With Communications being mostly telegram service and the building of the infrastructure for them. The biggest Communication Company Being Petrov Co, which is a company of Russian origins with it being created from small companies who sold their company after the independence of the FSA due to them not being to handle the border taxes. Petrov Co being in many deals to Russian Arcadian companies helping its rule in the Northern FSA. The company does not have many clients in the south due to the distance and the operation costs being high for companies. The Book manufacturing market is also thriving due to the influence of Unser Eigentum (our property) due to many discussing its philosophy and themes. One of the helping reason making it thrive is that it when a paper gets published it gets translated quite soon into other languages which then also get reprints and sometimes explained better. Sometimes the native language does offer a challenge due to its difficulty. This makes translators very sought after in some communities of veterae who do not always know all European languages. The election results show a change in who is perceived as a president. With a very young lawyer from a rural farmers family. His name being Helmut Fischer and being only 25 years old. His Father did have great effects on him, his father being a member of the Bergsorbien and Federal parliament. Helmut, being member of the Republican party, although also liked by other parties. Helmut plans on making the navy stronger and industry more efficient and bringing it to his native state of Bergsorbien.
- Kingdom of Burgundy: The last battleship of the Austrasien-class, the SMS Graf Roosevelt, is laid down this year under an accelerated building schedule to catch her up with her sisters. Four battleships - the SMS Köln of the Austrasien-class, and the SMS Holland, SMS Jaymaika, and SMS Ostfriesland of the Holland-class - are launched this year, two from private shipbuilding companies. Already, however, the successor to the Hollands, for now dubbed the Ersatz Verwoester-class while it's in the design phase, is under planning. The new class looks to take advantage of the recent introduction of Harvey armor, and the first keel laying is planned for 1893. In other news, Grand Admiral Graf Hendrijk vun Lure retires, and Admiral Vincent Eikenboom is named Grand Admiral. A veteran of the Great European War, the War of the Rhine, and the Commonwealth War, he recognizes the influence torpedo boats have had on battles such as the Battle of Sicily, and as such decided the Navy needs to create some sort of counter to those that will be fielded by other navies. On land, the States-General authorizes a modernization of the border fortifications along the Franco-Burgundian border, bringing them up to able to resist modern artillery. In the New World, the Navy deploys monitors and gunboats to the border of Maryland and Savannah as patrol, and by the end of the year several shipments of arms have been intercepted. In the legislature, by now those representatives who have refused to take their seats have been replaced by their runner ups. Most of those runner ups are willing to work within the Maryland political structure to secure their goals. George Albert Lee continues to act as the de facto leader of the pro-English faction in the Maryland legislature. Angered by League collaborators actively refusing to support him and his allies as they try to improve their lives, he travels around, showing them pictures of dead families (including children), some Burgundian, some English, but all killed in League attacks for simply being in the wrong place at the wrong time. As a result of his campaign, his pro-negotiation faction gains support among the English population. He begins pressuring the Marylander prime minister, even going so far as writing to Queen Viktoria, and by the end of the year, the Marylander prime minister (pushed in the direction by Viktoria) agrees to form a Crown Committee to negotiate an all-encompassing English Rights Act.
- Republica Ibérica: The population is estimated to be 47.21 million. Literacy rates in Iberia continue to climb steadily, especially among the young. Strong economic growth over the last 70 years have contributed to a growing middle-class in Iberia. The rise of public education and universities led to a scientific boom as research and development become major sources of prestige for the universities. In Madrid, Herrero Autoworks develops the first Iberian Motorized Carriage. Sales remain limited to wealthy industrialists, mostly as a sign of status. High international demand and the huge government contract for ships means that the shipyards of Catalonia remain busy. Welding expertise drives innovative designs and advances in the shipbuilding industry. The shipyards of Catalonia continue work on the Navarre-Class. Six of these ships are ordered for delivery in 1892. Meanwhile, another six Veloz-Class Protected Cruisers are ordered for the same year. The Model 1886 Garzo-Rosel Machine Gun continues its deployment.
- Republica de Morocco: The national census estimates the population to be 8.66 million. The economy of Morocco continues to grow rapidly due to Iberian investment and technical aid. Wages hover at just about 80% of those in Iberia, but are rising. The steel industry expands rapidly as does the rail network. Phosphate production becomes a major sector of the Moroccan economy as does the synthesis of phosphorus fertilizer. Agricultural mechanization along with water conservation and management projects led to aggressive growth in the agricultural sector. Reformist Maghrebi Islam spreads with government support. Meanwhile, the educational reforms of the previous few years have contributed to rising literacy.
- Dependencia de Algeria: Expansion into the desert continues along old trade routes with nomads employed as guides. The Iberian Government places high priority on this expansion and efforts are made to expedite it. The population of Algeria reaches 5.12 million inhabitants of Iberian Algeria, and of these, 1.6 million are European. Algerian migration to Morocco continues en masse to escape the poverty of interior Algeria.. The interior economy remains very poor with limited adoption of modern technology. Meanwhile, along the coast and in Mostaganem there is rapid development as European migrants begin implementing modern farming, manufacturing and financial methods from their homes.
- Antillas Ibéricas: The colony continues to enjoy the profits of salt and sugar production. Educational reforms spread as the government promotes literacy and basic mathematics.
- Indias Orientales Ibéricas: The colony continues to enjoy the profits of spice and rubber production. Educational reforms spread as the government promotes literacy and basic mathematics.
- República Africana Ibérica: The republic continues expansion efforts along the Sahel north of the French holdings in West Africa. Gold and other minerals constitute the major economic sector in Senegay. Aluminum production grows this year and port facilities are modernized to facilitate its export.
- Republica de Morocco: The national census estimates the population to be 8.66 million. The economy of Morocco continues to grow rapidly due to Iberian investment and technical aid. Wages hover at just about 80% of those in Iberia, but are rising. The steel industry expands rapidly as does the rail network. Phosphate production becomes a major sector of the Moroccan economy as does the synthesis of phosphorus fertilizer. Agricultural mechanization along with water conservation and management projects led to aggressive growth in the agricultural sector. Reformist Maghrebi Islam spreads with government support. Meanwhile, the educational reforms of the previous few years have contributed to rising literacy.
1892[]
The LEL keep fighting on in a limited fashion with the support of locals regardless of how much the governments accuse them of being mean.
Rudolf Diesel patents the Diesel engine.
The machine gun begins to be adopted in greater numbers by Prussia and France.
Brésil and FS of Arcadia see a rise in immigration from Europe as people look for peaceful areas with the end of really miserable stuff like cholera outbreaks.
Denis Cheryshev starts his reform by ending the open field system encouraging enclosures by taxing open field system, removing the Mir, allowing peasants to access low interest loans and tax reductions for those participating in agricultural collectives or using modern techniques.
- OOC Aztlán: Whelp, totally missed the last turn. Sorry, and by four minutes, too!)
- Aztlán: The government offers today's equivalent of $30 million to both belligerents in Arcadia to restore the continent's original peace. (PLAYER RESPONSE) Meanwhile, it patiently awaits the response of Providence in the Baja deal, as the people of Providence have not yet replied. (MOD RESPONSE) Also, a measure to reinstate the Nicaragua Canal plans may go to the ballot in 1894.
- FS of Arcadia: Esquilo Party holds a peaceful march into Mzer. This is meant to show their pride with their electoral success they had. The march had much of old Mzerkan Symbology. They marched with banners of the old Empire of California, many also had simplified royal seals on an arm band. The Esquilo weren't afraid to use the heads of animals as part as their uniform and they made some uniforms in the style of Iberian and Sinkyone warriors. Republicans hold feasts in the name of their victory in the elections although they do see that they have lost some votes. They see that the FSA will have many parties with slightly different aims that will have to work together in so-called coalitions. The Propertarians also go into government although it is harder to who is one and who isn't due to them preferring to work with the system so long as it benefits them. At the same time, many people welcome the new immigrants into their states. The immigrants help the states of Bergsorbien and Küstenland the most even if the least come there but due to the low population of the states even those small numbers help these federated states a lot. For the rest, most immigrants chose to go to the place that best fits their skills with administrators, lawyers and bankers going to Lucentium and California. Harbour workers and people from coastal regions going to Saliya and Saskatchewan with them helping the harbours there with building ships for the new Federated States Ship(s). With their help the industry in these regions starts to fully bloom with a new modern ship being the holy grail of shipbuilding - the FSS Richardo with it having one of the most modern engines, cannons and armour thickness. Although the holy grail of the FSA, navy it does have the problem of being a resource-consuming ship for its size and quality.
- Kingdom of Burgundy: In total, eight battleships are launched this year - the remaining seven of the Austrasien-class, and SMS Herzog Jean de Furchtlos, the last of the Holland-class - and it is scheduled for SMS Austrasien, the first of them, to be commissioned into the navy next year. In preparation for their commissioning, the battleships Sint Sigismund and Elisabeth de Eisen are moved to the III Battle Squadron in the Mediterranean Fleet, and SMS Skagerrak, SMS Ostend, and SMS Sizilien (the ex-HMS Johnson) are transferred to the High Seas Fleet’s II Battle Squadron. Meanwhile, Captain Alfred Mahan publishes his book, “Influence of Seapower Upon History”, detailing how control of the seas influenced the fortunes of various powers, including Burgundy. He also concludes that a navy can best achieve naval superiority by defeating its foe in a climatic, decisive battle, from which it can carry on to blockade the enemy nation, and force its submission. The book is an immediate hit among Burgundian naval theorists, and is read aloud in the States-General to help sway votes in favor of continued naval expansion.
- Empire of Brésil: The two shipyards are complete, and Théodore authorizes a naval armament program, to commence next year. Industry is booming, as immigrant communities form and offer cheap labor for enterprising industrialists.
- Republica Ibérica: The population is estimated to be 47.45 million. Literacy rates in Iberia continue to climb steadily, especially among the young. Strong economic growth over the last 70 years have contributed to a growing middle-class in Iberia. The rise of public education and universities led to a scientific boom as research and development become major sources of prestige for the universities. In Madrid, Herrero Autoworks continues production of its Model 1891 Motor Carriage. Work on another design is completed this year with sales beginning next year. High international demand and the huge government contract for ships means that the shipyards of Catalonia remain busy. Welding expertise drives innovative designs and advances in the shipbuilding industry. The six Veloz-Class Protected Cruisers and the six Navarre-Class Battleships are launched this year. Facing the new naval race, it is clear that Iberia must increase its naval capacity. Plans for another major expansion are drafted. Because of the recent capital ship purchases, it is determined that the republic needs more cruisers. 16 Lisbon-Class Armored Cruisers are ordered for 1895, as well as another 12 Model 1892 Frigates. The Model 1886 Garzo-Rosel Machine Gun continues its deployment.
- Republica de Morocco: The national census estimates the population to be 8.92 million. The economy of Morocco continues to grow rapidly due to Iberian investment and technical aid. Wages hover at just about 80% of those in Iberia, but are rising. The steel industry expands rapidly as does the rail network. Phosphate production becomes a major sector of the Moroccan economy as does the synthesis of phosphorus fertilizer. Agricultural mechanization along with water conservation and management projects led to aggressive growth in the agricultural sector. Reformist Maghrebi Islam spreads with government support. Meanwhile, the educational reforms of the previous few years have contributed to rising literacy.
- Dependencia de Algeria: Expansion into the desert continues along old trade routes with nomads employed as guides. The Iberian Government places high priority on this expansion and efforts are made to expedite it. The population of Algeria reaches 5.19 million inhabitants of Iberian Algeria, and of these, 1.75 million are European. Algerian migration to Morocco continues en masse to escape the poverty of interior Algeria.. The interior economy remains very poor with limited adoption of modern technology. Meanwhile, along the coast and in Mostaganem there is rapid development as European migrants begin implementing modern farming, manufacturing, and financial methods from their homes.
- Antillas Ibéricas: The colony continues to enjoy the profits of salt and sugar production. Educational reforms spread as the government promotes literacy and basic mathematics.
- Indias Orientales Ibéricas: The colony continues to enjoy the profits of spice and rubber production. Educational reforms spread as the government promotes literacy and basic mathematics.
- República Africana Ibérica: The republic continues expansion efforts along the Sahel north of the French holdings in West Africa. Gold and other minerals constitute the major economic sector in Senegay. Aluminum production grows this year and port facilities are modernized to facilitate its export.
- Republica de Morocco: The national census estimates the population to be 8.92 million. The economy of Morocco continues to grow rapidly due to Iberian investment and technical aid. Wages hover at just about 80% of those in Iberia, but are rising. The steel industry expands rapidly as does the rail network. Phosphate production becomes a major sector of the Moroccan economy as does the synthesis of phosphorus fertilizer. Agricultural mechanization along with water conservation and management projects led to aggressive growth in the agricultural sector. Reformist Maghrebi Islam spreads with government support. Meanwhile, the educational reforms of the previous few years have contributed to rising literacy.
- Russia: With cholera reaching the European heartland, new medical practices are used in order to try to contain the outbreak; the Russian government subsidizes and encourages new medicinal research to curb the effects of the outbreak. Meanwhile, overseas, the Russian government intervenes in the RHIC's affairs, sending 20 Russian ironclads to blockade Honolulu harbor until the Hawaiian government accepts the RHIC's offer.
- Belkan Empire: As the empire finished more of its construction projects a more dedicated effort is made in naval and arms technology specifically the mass mobilization of the Machine gun into the Belkan army. Playing off of Belkas highly Defensible borders the forts are modernized to begin implementing the Machine gun. The Railway system of the Empire is also effectively as modern as is could possibly be and hence much of the infrastructural development heads into Africa and Asia looking to build up Belkas colonial holdings and make it easier for the nation to effectively transport raw materials, manpower, and others goods throughout the empire.
- Crown Colony of Zaire: Exports to Belka increase once again. However, the funds derived from them are not diverted solely into the hands of the administration. The Colony champions its first railway this year as infrastructure jobs in particular are in high demand and thousands of Zairean peoples are employed. The Administration, hoping to engender goodwill, pays them relatively well and hopes they will purchase consumer goods and improve their lives significantly. This is explored further as Belkan architect-style housing is constructed in an affordable way for those subjects who can afford it in New Thessograd - as well as in various Zairean cities. They don't fill up dramatically but their purpose is clear, the Zairean people are not to be treated as exploitable subjects but as valuable members of the empire. This is not entirely seen as positive as many agree that the Belkans are ruthless colonial oppressors but nothing can be done against them. The exploration up the Congo River continues as does expansion. Zaire's first railway is constructed from a major rubber producing site to its largest interior city and then to Novo Thessograd on the coast expanding the rubber boom further. The Colony of Zaire is allowed a colonial militia force of roughly 30,000 with reserves of 400,000 able to be recruited as the Belkan military garrison begins to follow the same policies as Belkan Maghreb.
- Crown Colony of Gabon: As of this year the Belkan military administration is dismantled in favor of a colonial administration and Gabon sees a proper census this year noting to contain roughly 1.2 million people within the colony. Various infrastructural projects are implemented as it seeks to connect many of the towns and cities. In order to bring some goodwill between the natives and the small Belkan administrative presence, gifts of modern consumer goods are brought to make the peoples' lives easier. Many are even employed with decent pay as they are given heavy incentives to abandon their tribal lifestyles. Exploration along the interior continues and claims and treaties are made with natives.
- Dependency of Kanem: The Kanem dependency this year sees further development as a well traveled and developed route through the Sahara is built up. The Belkan investment of and shipping in of some industrial machines increases the relative output which sees its resources exported somewhat and in many other cases used to purchase consumer goods in mass numbers, further fueling the Belkan consumer goods industry at home. The Belkan administration begins to explore and stake claims to the surrounding region from Kanem. The region's population begins to boom as a result of the influx of surplus food from the Saharan trade route - which sees the beginning of the railway being constructed. The discovery of gold in Kanem sparks a rush of investment. This does, however, see the tertiary opening of multiple cement factories in Kanem's capital which attract workers due to the high pay. The railway from Kanem's capital to the Maghrebi city of Tunis continues. Expansion south and west begins with a major claim being staked on the deserts to the west and now lands to the east and south.
- Governate of Manila: The Governate of Manila now officially split off as its own separate colonial entity is able to more effectively capitalize on its resources and population. Interestingly enough, Manila has seen a rapid and dynamic industrialization as its connection into the Belkan system and its status as Belka's model colony has seen it gain the vast majority of East Asian investment, settlement and attention. With a population now reaching 17 million the influx of industrialization into Manila sees a push in its population which begins to boom with access to modern medicine, technology, new railways and transport, and the official abolition of the feudal system in Manila in favor of a provincial system centered around the well-defended triplicate of colonial governing sites on the main islands.
- Governate of Burma: The governate of Burma becomes known as the "mountain of jewels" to the Belkan empire as its extraction of precious gems becomes known all across the empire and even the world. Its cities begin to more fully and effectively urbanize in the face of Belkan modernization attempts, and the building of industry under Belkan ownership sees the colony become much more profitable.
- Crown Colony of Maghreb: The Maghrebi colony - with authorization from the homeland - begins offering Maghrebis who serve in civil service and military service citizenship of the empire, refusing to deny them citizenship over trivial matters of their ethnic background. They would be learning culture and language from the Belkan civic and armed services. The textile factories within the colony continue to expand as Belkan immigrants and Maghrebi civilians continue to move into working there. The Tunis-Kanem Railway is put under construction as various retaining and reclamation structures throughout the desert are erected and the railway between both colonies begins construction it reaches completion this year as the two colonial capitals are officially linked overland. Other railways are also constructed radiating out from Algiers and Tunis which wants to connect the two cities and push into the Libyan desert to the east as well. The need for a colonial army becomes apparent - and funded by domestic budget, the Maghrebi colonial army is formed around a force of 50,000 with a large reserve of nearly 300,000 that can be conscripted within a short period. They are trained with older equipment but arsenals of modern guns are kept under control in the Tunis and Algiers Citadel held by the Belkan crown garrisons.
- Borealia: This time the first Olympic Games take place in Attina, Belka, and prove to be a major success. Although mostly attended by European nations and a few other western nations, the International Olympic Committee hopes that the event will inspire future growth over the years. The next games is scheduled for 1896, and the committee hopes to have Paris, France host. Work continues to integrate the English population of the nation, and also resettle areas of the nation. The navy undergoes upgrading, as newer ships replace those sold or lost in recent conflicts. On land the army continues to be upgraded with the recently created rifle, which are now being massed produced, and also new machine guns. There is an industrial boom, largely in part to the floodgates being opened on railroads, coal mining, and factory creation in the newly created states. Pietersburg, Allegheny becomes a center of industry, and one of the largest coal and steel producing cities in the world, along with such cities as Borselen.
1893[]
The LEL contuine to resist even where they have been resettled but also fighting within the country. Terror attacks become more common attacks on railways becoming more common by planting explosives under the tracks and setting them off when trains pass over causing derailment.
Britain begins on a major naval expansion programme commissioning 12 capital ships to overtake Burgundy by 1900 if it can.
In Russia, the massive enclosures act leads to massive rural unemployment and so to alleviate this zones are opened up in Siberia and with government support three million this year alone begin to move out east to various areas where agriculture is viable. This is all done via enclosures and modernised farming.
The Temperance League is formed in Brésil which is a group of religiously minded middle-class activists arguing for prohibition.
The Burgundian general staff begins a feud between its Army and Navy elements both of which are vying for the majority of the military budget which is shown to be extremely constrained as the neccessity to focus on either the Army or the Navy becomes apparent.
- Vinland: Prime Minister Anton Gustavson resigns after a corruption scandal. He is replaced by
Ella Person, the first female prime minister of Vinland.
- This is 1893.
- Kingdom of Egypt: King Muhammad Ali III proves to be very popular among the Egyptian people, as he instates democracy in Egypt. Though the press has been liberalized and can be critical of the government, they still can’t be too harsh on the king, and instead, the press just praise his political achievements, but don’t go to over-the-top with the praise due to the ban on any government or royal figure making a cult of personality around himself. With the cholera outbreak being contained and defeated, the king and prime minister gain much praise, and celebrations commence throughout the major cities, and smaller, private parties have been reported in villages. The victims of cholera are mourned, and a graveyard is made specifically for those who perished from the plague. The prime minister is Bob Al-Hussein of the Liberal “National Party”. We continue to expand our major population centers such as Alexandria, Giza and Alia. We continue to grow cotton and sell it to Belka, Iberia and Burgundy, along with tobacco, papyrus and flux, in exchange for weapons and of course, money. A monument is constructed outside of Damietta, that shows the pictures of current monarchs of Belka, Egypt and Arabia, with their respective flags being flown above their portraits, with a quote saying “Three Cheers to this everlasting friendship!”. King Muhammad Ali III visits a Coptic Church in southern Egypt, and becomes a major thing, and is talked about a lot in the media. After his tour, he makes a speech saying “As Egyptians, brothers and sisters, we should not let religion define our nation! We should let the Egyptian identity define who we are, and the achievements as a people, and as a nation. Egypt has been the seat of many religions, including Coptic Christianity, and instead of denouncing those times, we should drink to it! For my Christian brothers in southern Egypt, I say cheers to you, Comrades!”
- Kingdom of Burgundy: the first of the battleships built under the new naval expansion are commissioned. SMS Austrasien, along with the SMS Holland, SMS Herzog Jean de Furchtlos, and SMS Ostfriesland (the three completed ships of the Holland-class), form the new I Division, I Battle Squadron of the High Seas Fleet. The Austrasien-class battleships Namur, Herzog Philippe de Gutt, Köln, Kales, and Metz, meanwhile, form the II Division of the same Battle Squadron. The last two of the Austrasien-class, SMS Graf Roosevelt and SMS Loutrengen, and the last ship of the Holland-class, SMS Jaymaika, are nearing their own commissionings, and are scheduled to join the fleet next year. Meanwhile, the keel of the first of the new Vaud-class battleships, SMS Gülich, with six of her sisters scheduled to be laid down next year. Also commissioned is the SMS Z-1, the first ship designated as a “torpedo boat destroyer”. Small, fast, and cheap, her, and the five others like her commissioned this year, are meant to screen the battle fleet and ward off enemy torpedo boats. In the Mediterranean, while on a routine exersize, the SMS Elisabeth de Eisen of the III Battle Squadron, recently transferred from the High Seas Fleet, is accidentally rammed by SMS Texel. The older battleships’ ram tears a hole in Elisabeth de Eisens bow, and watertight compartments are slow to be closed, causing the battleship to capsize and sink, taking 140 of her 400 crew with her. The captains of both battleships are sacked for negligence following a court of inquiry. In light of the rapprochement between France and the Rhineland, and the heightened tensions with England, it is decided that the Navy will carry the bulk of the military budget for the foreseeable future, although the Army’s modernization of the western border fortifications is funded by way of an infrastructure act through to 1900. In Maryland, the new round of elections are held, and the results see the pro-negotiation English representatives largely retain their seats against pro-absention candidates. It is believed that those choosing to vote disapprove of the way their representatives refused to serve the constituents that elected them, instead choosing the more moderate candidates who choose to work from within the system.
This brings momentum to George Albert Lee’s campaign, bolstering his pro-negotiation faction, by now called the Legislaturists, allowing progress to be made on the English Rights Bill. However, tragedy strikes in November when a train carrying members of Lee’s faction is derailed by a League terrorist attack. Of the delegations members, several are killed, including Lee himself. Several Burgundian representatives, onboard for negotiations for the Rights Bill, are also killed. The League's murder of a man actively fighting to advance the rights of Englishmen in Maryland stuns many, and already feelings against the League harden further, as Lee had built a reputation as a reasonable man who believed in his cause. English-speaking people in the southern and western portions of the annexed lands, strong points of Legislaturist support, hold large vigils in remembrance of the man.Negotiations are put on hold as it is announced that Queen Victoria will be visiting the Maryland legislature in January to discuss recent events.- Nice try.
- Pro-reform English representatives suffer a serious lack of legitimacy because the turnout in the elections is very low, as more people support the LEL's methods and objectives.
- FS of Arcadia: The German language begins to overtake Russian as the main language although most of the time it isn't a new first language - rather, a language learned alongside their primary language. German also begins to be used often as an administrative language. If there is a large German speaking minority there then it will be primarly be written in German. When it isn't the primary language it often gets translated into German as part of the document or as a translation. The population booms in the nation which brings along many new ideas and philosophies. With these new immigrants there comes a discussion with the propertarians if their ideals should be implemented through peaceful means or revolutionary and waring means. Most of the people believe in the idea of peaceful transfer which over time their ideals will be implemented. At the moment, these ideas live next to each other with them believing that they will see the solution when it is needed.The Shipyard of New constantinople also begins to make plans to improve it and to make bridge over to the other side of the city.The expension of the habour being one of improving the light houses and get parts of the abour face the ocean for bigger ships so that they won't be hindered.
- Republica Ibérica: The population is estimated to be 47.92 million. Literacy rates in Iberia continue to climb steadily, especially among the young. Strong economic growth over the last seventy years have contributed to a growing middle-class in Iberia. The rise of public education and universities lead to a scientific boom as research and development become major sources of prestige for the universities. These developments have allowed Iberian innovation to finally catch up to much of Western Europe. The 1893 model, the Herrero I, is produced this year, with more widespread sales. The shipyards of Catalonia, now regarded as some of the best in the world quickly begin construction of the Lisbon-Class and Model 1892 Frigates. The construction is quick thanks to the expertise of the shipbuilders, and by years end 14 of the ships are either nearing completion or are under construction. The Model 1886 Garzo-Rosel Machine Gun continues its deployment, by now most all units are equipped with the gun. 1000 of the Machine Guns are exported to the Moroccan Army to strengthen it to relatively European levels.
- Republica de Morocco: The national census estimates the population to be 9.09 million. The economy of Morocco continues to grow rapidly due to Iberian investment and technical aid. Wages hover at just about 81% of those in Iberia, but are rising. The steel industry expands rapidly as does the rail network. Phosphate production develops as a major sector of the Moroccan economy as does the synthesis of phosphorus fertilizer. Agricultural mechanization along with water conservation and management projects lead to aggressive growth in the agricultural sector. Reformist Maghrebi Islam spreads with government support. Meanwhile, the educational reforms of the previous few years have contributed to rising literacy. With literacy and education on the rise, Iberian becomes a common second language, and a major language of commerce in Morocco. Although it is not part of the mandatory curriculum, many Moroccans voluntarily learn it through classes offered after school.
- Dependencia de Algeria: The population of Algeria reaches 5.35 million, and of these, 1.9 million are European. Algerian migration to Morocco continues en masse to escape the poverty of interior Algeria. The interior economy remains very poor with limited adoption of modern technology. Meanwhile, along the coast and in Mostaganem there is rapid development as European migrants implement modern farming, manufacturing, and financial methods from their homes.
- Antillas Ibéricas: The colony continues to enjoy the profits of salt and sugar production. Educational reforms spread as the government promotes literacy and basic mathematics.
- Indias Orientales Ibéricas: The colony continues to enjoy the profits of spice and rubber production. Educational reforms spread as the government promotes literacy and basic mathematics.
- República Africana Ibérica: The republic continues expansion efforts along the Sahel north of the French holdings in West Africa. Gold and other minerals constitute the major economic sector in Senegay. Aluminum production grows this year and port facilities are modernized to facilitate its export.
- Republica de Morocco: The national census estimates the population to be 9.09 million. The economy of Morocco continues to grow rapidly due to Iberian investment and technical aid. Wages hover at just about 81% of those in Iberia, but are rising. The steel industry expands rapidly as does the rail network. Phosphate production develops as a major sector of the Moroccan economy as does the synthesis of phosphorus fertilizer. Agricultural mechanization along with water conservation and management projects lead to aggressive growth in the agricultural sector. Reformist Maghrebi Islam spreads with government support. Meanwhile, the educational reforms of the previous few years have contributed to rising literacy. With literacy and education on the rise, Iberian becomes a common second language, and a major language of commerce in Morocco. Although it is not part of the mandatory curriculum, many Moroccans voluntarily learn it through classes offered after school.
- Great Empire of China–Korea: Li Hongzhang's third term ends, and Chancellor Jin Yujun, a member of the Liberal–Democratic Party is elected into office, securing about ~59% of the popular vote (with a voter turnout of 55%). As part of his egalitarian political platform, he improves the working conditions of blue-collar workers and increases minimum wages. However, the legislative bill – which seeks to establish a limited form of social welfare and a national pension system – is shot down by conservative elements within the Grand Secretariat. The imperial universities begin to be the site of political activism, with the enrolment of those of middle-class background. The growing urban areas continue to be at the forefront of cultural development, with the popularity of European-influenced art forms and music genres. The Jeju Girls release their first album, Flowers in Jeolla after two years of hiatus. Songs from their first extended play, From Jeju Islands, are included. Their lead single, "A-ing", also sees commercial success, peaking at number one. Their style of speaking, which sounds like modernized adaptations of Chinese folk songs, is known as "trot" and becomes popular among an older demographic. Ma Raya sings a Mandarin rendition of the Sino–Korean National Anthem, "Son and Daughters of Heaven", which debuts at music charts at Number 14, but eventually rising to number one and maintaining that position for 14 weeks. Its popularity echoes the rising nationalist sentiment among the Chinese and Koreans. With the success of the Nanjing National Exhibition, the Jade Palace is left as a public museum, with free admission during weekdays. Educational attainment rises, with increasing enrolment into imperial universities. Rapid industrialization and economic modernization continue. China–Korea continues to specialize in the production of textiles and synthetic dyes, as well as steel, machinery, constructional materials, and transport equipment – due to the infrastructural boom triggered by urbanization. Commercial shipbuilding also expands, with private shipyards now building steamships with metal (instead of wooden) hulls. Telecommunications and railway lines are built, which promotes connectivity between major cities and towns–which will result in the stimulation and facilitation of commerce. The Imperial Navy decide against the construction of corvettes and torpedo boats as advocated by the Jeune-École doctrine of Puissance, as it is determined that such ships would lack sufficient endurance and range to have the capability to defend the country's large, expansive coastline. Instead, the Imperial Navy decides to focus on the construction of destroyers, which are larger and longer-ranged, to dispose of/and defend against the escorts of the enemy's battle fleet. The Grand Secretariat approves a naval bill which seeks to construct 82 ships by 1900, as well as allocate funds for the purchase of more battleships. The navy is currently at 81 ships, consisting of three battleships, four armored cruisers, nine cruisers, 28 destroyers, and 40 frigates. The 20 wooden-hulled corvettes are decommissioned, after nearly 18 years of service. However, instead of being broken apart they are sent to the Jade Palace to be displayed as museum ships. Arms production continues to grow rapidly, with repeating rifles and their carbine derivatives, field artillery, machine guns, and their respective ammunition being produced. The standing army remains at a million active personnel, with the ability to field two million more, albeit many with the outdated Type 83.
- Tibet (protectorate): Civic buildings are constructed in the capital of Lhasa, which is inhabited by ~20,000 residents. Sedentary living is encouraged, with the little available arable land being intensively cultivated. Major crops include wheat and rye. A garrison of a single brigade (~5000) is stationed there, armed with excess bolt-action rifles.
- Altishahria (protectorate): More mining facilities are opened in Aksu, exploiting the Tarim basin's mining resources. Lucrative minerals such as soda, borax and jade are the country's main exports to China–Korea. In addition to grains, cash crops are grown, specifically grapes, melons, pears, and walnuts. There is a ranching boom, with many former pastoralists establishing enclosures for livestock. The main product is wool (from sheep), with processing facilities established in the capital and other major cities as preparation for further processing in China–Korea's textile mills. Korla becomes Altishahria's largest city due to continuous migration and its position as a major break-of-bulk point, with a total of ~150,000 inhabitants. As a result, the Altishahr government relocates there, and various civic buildings are constructed. A garrison of two divisions (~20,000) is stationed there, armed with excess bolt-action rifles.
- Dzungaria (protectorate): Civic buildings are constructed in Ghulja, which is inhabited by 20,000 residents. The nationalized Dzungar Oil Company increases the scale of their operations in the area, constructing multiple oil mines and refineries. In addition to supplying energy to northwest China, the company also provides kerosene for street lamps as well as other industrial chemicals via distillation. A garrison of 12 divisions (~120,000) is present, armed with excess bolt-action rifles. The bulk of this military force is stationed in the Dzungarian Gate, which is heavily fortified due to its position as the sole overland entry point into Western China.
- Belkan Empire: The economy of the empire remains strong and dynamic with strategic resources abundant, and the industry the most powerful in the world, the research into further naval technology continues with certain projects coming to be promising. The Army continues large scale adoption of machine guns and the new bolt action rifles as well as more modern artillery which looks to be produced in Abundance. Three Battleships ordered by the Chinese are officially delivered as per the agreement. Settlements in colonies like Maghreb vontinue with lots of room for growth. (sorry, not a lot of time to post doing job stuff and interviews)
- Borealia: Work continues to integrate the English population of the nation, and also resettle areas of the nation. The navy undergoes upgrading, as newer ships replace those sold or lost in recent conflicts. On land the army continues to be upgraded with the recently created rifle, which are now being massed produced, and also new machine guns. There is an industrial boom, largely in part to the floodgates being opened on railroads, coal mining, and factory creation in the newly created states. Pietersburg, Allegheny becomes a center of industry, and one of the largest coal and steel producing cities in the world, along with such cities as Borselen. The full strategic line that began construction in previous years is completed and heavily manned. Officially, to curb overpopulation in newly created states, the government begins a policy of relocating children to new Burgundian families, with subsidies being provided to families that adopt these orphans. The attacks on railroads inadvertedly continue to harm English people, especially since a large portion of people using the railways in the south are the English being resettled. Englishmen are hired to rebuild their railways in these areas. As the English nations on the continent have not cease supplying arms to the rebels within our territory, we are forced to take action. More border guards are placed at every entry into the nation, with instructions to search all people coming and going. Any financial or material aid that we are sending to the nations as per the Treaty of New Gwynedd is immediately canceled, with shipments of raw materials to them now being prohibited entirely. The nations' access to important rivers is closed. The nation's navy enforces a blockade in these regions. We again reiterate that if foreign aid is discovered in "LEL" possession we will have no choice but to take military action.
1894[]
The LEL continue to receive supplies from the Anglophone world. In New England elections the National party advocating Arcadian Anglophone unification, revanchism and high military spending win enough seats to enter into a coalition. While the government does not request unification or make claims to revanchism it increases defence spending and begins incorporating machine guns some of which end up with the LEL.
France joins the naval arms race with plans to construct eight battleships by the end of the century.
In Egypt, as the King does loads of random liberal stuff, some hard line Muslims begin pogroms against Christians and the Christians are annoyed at the King for indirectly causing this.
The LEL continue their war of resistance which to make clear is not actually that signifcant in Maryland and is a larger issue in Bilzen and the northern Borealian regions. They target anyone moving onto their lands and a lot of people are scared to move in knowing it will make them a target. Those sent into force the Anglos to resettle are attacked often.
In Russia, millions more continue to move out to Siberia with another two million this year while the populations of Moscow, Kiev and St Petersburg grow rapidly as well as mines out in the Urals.
Brésil sees one of its archbishops join the Temperance League and become a leader in it asking the pope to support him which he refuses to do.
A book is written in France by some lawyer/anarchist/writer Jean luc Picard denouncing the Catholic church for corruption and organisation and attempting to incite violence against the church. His book spreads and an argument develops within the church and governments around the world as to whether his inflammatory book should be allowed to be published.
- OOC Aztlán: Crud. Can you guys change the update time to 2:00 AM UTC so I can post with more ease?
- Aztlán: Since the war pre-Treaty of Gwynedd was unsuccessful for Aztlán, the Gran Gouvernor elects to simply provide financial aid to suppress the LEL rebels. Meanwhile, Aztlán begins to try to implement "newfangled" technologies, such as machine guns, into the military. However, it is acknowledged that this will be a process that will take several years.
- Borealia: A law is passed making any possession of a weapon in certain (English) cities and communities illegal. Weapons may be turned in for a cash rebate, after which time if they are not turned in they will be confiscated. Those caught violating this rule are sentenced to prison time, and can also have children or relatives taken away. Civilians are incentivized to inform on their neighbors for monetary compensation and other privileges. By now the Orphan Program has led to 50,000 (mostly English) children being adopted by Burgundians. In the city of Bilzen it becomes known as the "Bloody Summer", with dozens of "LEL" and counter-"LEL" incidents occurring. A "terrorist attack" occurs in Bilzen, in which mustard gas is released killing 10,000 (mostly English inhabitants). Conventional bombs and other violence kills another 3000 over the course of the summer. As a result a decree is passed that the English will be dispelled. Although some manage to leave on their own accord, another 120,000 with links to the "LEL" are moved to "internment camps" that are constructed across the state, and another 25,000 being killed in the chaos (from both sides). The city takes the opportunity to rebuild large portions of the city from scratch, with the city to become completely Burgundian, separated by walls from any English settlement outside the city limits. Because of the attacks on Burgundian settlements, 10,000 armed soldiers are deployed to each constructed settlement, with armed guards also monitoring the migration en route. Another 100,000 people from the north or from foreign countries, mostly Burgundian, Dutch, German, and French, settle in Nausetia and Koebec, where the government is now paying people small subsidies for certain industries, and granting free land. A secret police force is created from counterinsurgent experts, tasked with enforcing these rules. Additionally a paramilitary Pro-Unionist group of Burgundians living in the new states, and even some rare English, known as the Bilzen Defense Force, is formed as anthesis to the "LEL". This group begins matching each attack with attacks of their own. This also spreads into an insurgency across the border in Avalon and New England, with the government secretly paying "insurgents" to disrupt any supply of weapons or goods to the "LEL". We are now blockading the three nations, capturing any cargo being shipped to and from these nations, with about 1000 ships and two million tons of shipping being captured or destroyed. We request that peace talks be held, in which these nations agree to completely cease supplying the rebels, and allow neutral peacekeepers/inspectors into their nations to monitor this, or the blockade will continue. Meanwhile, the navy continues its growth, with new battleships being constructed, and older ships being sold to Vinland, Maryland, and others. All of the government's covert moves are carefully hidden or spun by the nation's propaganda department, and the censored media. Attacks are blamed on the "LEL", exaggerated, and heavily publicized. According to the nation's statistic keeping, over the course of seven years 3815 Burgundian soldiers, 53,015 English rebels and sympathizers, and 200,000 civilians have lost their lives as a result of the insurgency. Additionally some 150,000 people are now imprisoned (including internment), and some 400,000 English have been relocated and resettled, mostly to Avelskamp or northern Bovenstland, but some have been deported to more remote colonies, such as settlements in Guyana.
Vinland: Vinland asks Borealia for help of constructing a naval dockyard and a naval port. The new prime minister passes the corruption bill which will create the ACB anti-corruption bureau.
- Great Empire of China–Korea: Premier Jin Yujun continues to push for the implementation of a national pension system, which sees success. By a slim margin, his attempts to establish a social welfare system are once again rejected by the Grand Secretariat, but he increases funding to private charities. In order to alleviate the growing wealth disparity between provinces–specifically between those located in the interior and the coast–he enacts a ~25% tax applied to individuals with personal incomes exceeding five times the national average and uses that money to increase the budgets of provincial governments. In order to increase popular support for this, the China–Korea Times, the state-owned news agency, publicize the relative poverty of rural peasantry. The Huifu Emperor names his 14-year-old daughter, Kim Hee-Young, as the heir apparent, becoming the fourth Crown Princess of the dynasty. Educational attainment rises, with increasing enrolment into imperial universities. Rapid industrialization and economic modernization continue. China–Korea continues to specialize in the production of textiles and synthetic dyes, as well as steel, machinery, constructional materials, and transport equipment – due to the infrastructural boom triggered by urbanization. Telecommunications and railway lines are built, which promotes connectivity between major cities and towns–which will result in the stimulation and facilitation of commerce. Three cruisers and destroyers are commissioned this year. The navy is at 93 ships divided into two regional fleets. Arms production continues to grow rapidly, with repeating rifles and their carbine derivatives, field artillery, machine guns, and their respective ammunition being produced.
- Tibet (protectorate): Civic buildings are constructed in the capital of Lhasa, which is inhabited by ~20,000 residents. Sedentary living is encouraged, with the little available arable land being intensively cultivated. Major crops include wheat and rye. A garrison of a single brigade (~5000) is stationed there, armed with excess bolt-action rifles.
- Altishahria (protectorate): More mining facilities are opened in Aksu, exploiting the Tarim basin's mining resources. Lucrative minerals such as soda, borax and jade are the country's main exports to China–Korea. In addition to grains, cash crops are grown, specifically grapes, melons, pears, and walnuts. There is a ranching boom, with many former pastoralists establishing enclosures for livestock. The main product is wool (from sheep), with processing facilities established in the capital and other major cities as preparation for further processing in China–Korea's textile mills. Korla becomes Altishahria's largest city due to continuous migration and its position as a major break-of-bulk point, with a total of ~150,000 inhabitants. As a result, the Altishahr government relocates there, and various civic buildings are constructed. A garrison of two divisions (~20,000) is stationed there, armed with excess bolt-action rifles.
- Dzungaria (protectorate): Civic buildings are constructed in Ghulja, which is inhabited by 20,000 residents. The nationalized Dzungar Oil Company increases the scale of their operations in the area, constructing multiple oil mines and refineries. In addition to supplying energy to northwest China, the company also provides kerosene for street lamps as well as other industrial chemicals via distillation. A garrison of 12 divisions (~120,000) is present, armed with excess bolt-action rifles. The bulk of this military force is stationed in the Dzungarian Gate, which is heavily fortified due to its position as the sole overland entry point into Western China.
- Imperial Swahili Federation: We continue colonial expansion in Northern Somalia, in the south and in the Malindi and Mombasa area. Colonization increases as medicine and weaponry become more widespread. Agricultural modernization continues in Swahili. Further industrialization continues. A telegraph system is being constructed within Swahili.
- Sefuwa: The colonies of Swahili continue development and expansion.
- FS of Arcadia: The Government begins to start army reforms. These reforms are meant to strengthen the nation and to improve the survival of the nation. One of the first things done is the creation of a Foreign legion. This is a Legion with foreigners with no big criminal records from all over the world which will used to as an auxilary force to fight in foreign countries. These legions will be exactly 6048 men per legion with maximum of four foreign legions being allowed. Being part of any of the foreign legion will help you get citizenship. For those who get seriously wounded in battle or even training in some cases will directly get citizenship no matter what and depending on the state get compensation with Küstenland and Bergsorbien giving wounded foreign legionaires a plot of land able to give enough food for a whole family. The general Republican army will also begin to train some technical squads. With them being part of the logistics form of army organisation. The communication squad being smaller then general squads but more numerous to help local companies of the army and them being 20% higher paid then people in another kind of RAA soldier due to them being needed badly for modern warfare. The army also gets standardised with the infantry getting as their winter uniform, gray woolen trousers and gray woolen jacket and under it a shirt which isn't provided by the state. As footgear for winter they get Leather high boots. Their hat is a simple gray kepi. For the summer they wear gray shorts with short leather boots and a shirt with short sleeves and a kepi. This a quite simple uniform but this is to keep production costs low. The gun that will be issued in general is a rifle by Willis Roy the gun is a repeating bolt action with the official name of Roy rifle M94. This gun shoots the 7.8 mm Roy-B.
- Republica Ibérica: The population is estimated to be 48.16 million. Literacy rates in Iberia soar into the upper eighties after decades of effort. Strong economic growth over the last seventy years have contributed to a growing middle-class in Iberia. The rise of public education and universities lead to a scientific boom as research and development become major sources of prestige for the universities. These developments have allowed Iberian innovation to finally catch up to much of Western Europe. The 1893 model, the Herrero I, is produced this year, with more widespread sales. The shipyards of Catalonia, now regarded as some of the best in the world quickly begin construction of the Lisbon-Class and Model 1892 Frigates. The construction is quick thanks to the expertise of the shipbuilders, and by years-end 12 of the ships are finished with another eight under construction. Sandoval Rifleworks introduces its Model 1894 Lever-Pinion Rifle. The gun has a more reliable and robust action with improved bullet characteristics. Furthermore, it fires a more modern round, the 6.5x52 Iberian (Essentially an OTL Carcano).
- Republica de Morocco: The national census estimates the population to be 9.32 million. The economy of Morocco continues to grow rapidly due to Iberian investment and technical aid. Wages hover at just about 81.5% of those in Iberia, but are rising. The steel industry expands rapidly as does the rail network. Phosphate production develops as a major sector of the Moroccan economy as does the synthesis of phosphorus fertilizer. Agricultural mechanization along with water conservation and management projects lead to aggressive growth in the agricultural sector. Reformist Maghrebi Islam spreads with government support. Meanwhile, the educational reforms of the previous few years have contributed to rising literacy. With literacy and education on the rise, Iberian becomes a common second language, and a major language of commerce in Morocco. Although it is not part of the mandatory curriculum, many Moroccans voluntarily learn it through classes offered after school.
- Dependencia de Algeria: The population of Algeria reaches 5.46 million, and of these, 2.05 million are European. Algerian migration to Morocco continues en masse to escape the poverty of interior Algeria. The interior economy remains very poor with limited adoption of modern technology. Meanwhile, along the coast and in Mostaganem there is rapid development as European migrants implement modern farming, manufacturing, and financial methods from their homes.
- Antillas Ibéricas: The colony continues to enjoy the profits of salt and sugar production. Educational reforms spread as the government promotes literacy and basic mathematics.
- Indias Orientales Ibéricas: The colony continues to enjoy the profits of spice and rubber production. Educational reforms spread as the government promotes literacy and basic mathematics.
- República Africana Ibérica: The republic continues expansion efforts along the Sahel north of the French holdings in West Africa. Gold and other minerals constitute the major economic sector in Senegay. Aluminum production grows this year and port facilities are modernized to facilitate its export.
- Republica de Morocco: The national census estimates the population to be 9.32 million. The economy of Morocco continues to grow rapidly due to Iberian investment and technical aid. Wages hover at just about 81.5% of those in Iberia, but are rising. The steel industry expands rapidly as does the rail network. Phosphate production develops as a major sector of the Moroccan economy as does the synthesis of phosphorus fertilizer. Agricultural mechanization along with water conservation and management projects lead to aggressive growth in the agricultural sector. Reformist Maghrebi Islam spreads with government support. Meanwhile, the educational reforms of the previous few years have contributed to rising literacy. With literacy and education on the rise, Iberian becomes a common second language, and a major language of commerce in Morocco. Although it is not part of the mandatory curriculum, many Moroccans voluntarily learn it through classes offered after school.
- Kingdom of Burgundy: The battleship SMS Gülich is launched, the first of the new Vaud-class to enter the water. Six of her sisters are laid down in Royal and private shipyard this year, and with two more planned to be laid down next year. The battleships SMS Graf Roosevelt, SMS Loutrengen (the last two of the Austrasien-class), and SMS Jaymaika (the last of the Holland-class) are commissioned and join the High Seas Fleet. Meanwhile, Graf Theodoor van Roosevelt, grandson of Grand Admiral Cornelis van Roosevelt, is appointed as First Minister of the Navy, and - being influenced by Captain Mahans writings - continues pushing the naval expansion, insisting that the High Seas Fleet alone (barring Burgundy's other active fleets) must have a numerical advantage over the Royal Navy. He also sees the benefits of the new torpedo boat destroyers (often shortened to simply “destroyers” within the Navy) in rushing enemy battleships with torpedoes, and orders their construction expanded. Ten more are completed by the end of the year, and the 16 active destroyers are organized into the first TBD Divisions. The Vaillant Motor Company expands, but due to the complicated nature of automobiles, costs remain high despite attempts to lower them. Schools are expanded in the annexed lands of Maryland. Looking to take advantage on the increase in the number of shipyards, Burgundian shipbuilders offer battleship construction contracts to the Japanese navy (MOD RESPONSE, PLEASE).
1895[]
The Polish Communist front continues to develop its cells and resistance movements all over Europe with something big looking to be planned.
Russian settlement to Siberia prompts government investment in unheard of quantities to subsidize and allow further development of settlements across the east.
The Borealian Parliament is destroyed in a plot by conspirators while it is in session causing chaos and really ramping up tensions between the Borealians and their newly conquered territories.
The settlement of Aztlán's far north continues with cities comparable to the Mexican Valley and the south beginning to become much more prominent.
Napoleon II dies at almost 100 years of age. He dies without any of his immediate descendants present, leading to one of his generals, Joachim Holt, declaring himself President-General of Providence.
- Aztlán: Following the destruction of Borealia's Parliament building, "an unforgivable act of terrorism", Aztlán releases a statement, stating that "countries under threat from LEL should attempt to discuss important matters undercover." The statement goes on to try to discourage an Arcadian games in 1896 should the crisis continue. Aztlán also officially embargoes any countries that are supporting the League. Aztlán also begins work on two twin battleships, to be completed in 1897.
- Borealia: The terrorist attack in the capital helps to further strengthen the cause against the "LEL". Repairs begin at the Parliament building, and additional soldiers are stationed all around the city. English within the city, which number a very small amount, are expelled to internment camps. In retaliation the BDF ramps up its attacks all over the north of New England. Another 100,000 people are relocated or deported this year. In particular a large portion of people are sent to southern Guyana. We begin working heavily with the fellow Burgundian colony to help strengthen its military and industry. Both the government and the private sector begin investing heavily in the region to help develop railroads and mining operations, while the government also sends officers to help train the colonial army. The English Exclusion Zone is extended out of the city of Bilzen to other key locations in northern Nausetia. Because of the recent terrorist attack in the capital, the government authorizes a "police action" in New England to disarm the "LEL", using years of intelligence gathering to pinpoint the main strongholds and supply routes of the organization. The Taakgroepen is created, as a special unit tasked with rounding up as many Englishmen as possible with ties to the "LEL". They work alongside the army in OTL Delaware and Maryland primarily. The number of internment camps is also doubled, to house 300,000 people total. We once again demand that the English nations come to peace talks, or they will face heavier consequences. For now the blockade continues, effectively stopping any trade into the English nations, and causing heavy damage to their economy. Full control of the media continues, with the propaganda department of the nation making easy work of the recent "LEL" activity. A group known as the Erie Volunteer Army is formed in New England as another paramilitary/insurgency group. The EVA begins operating in the southern parts of the nation, but primarily across the border in northern New England. The group is Marsanist/Communist, primarily composed of Englishmen, and seeking to cause a revolution in New England after witnessing the hardships being inflicted on the working-class. Secretly the government supplies the group in some limited amounts, seeing it as a way to disrupt the arms smuggling into Borealia, while publicly the group is supported by the International Socialist Association. The group manages to become popular in Ohio, one of the most populous and most industrial parts of New England, and they begin staging worker strikes and protests. The EVA (primarily English who are pro-Communist) and the BDF (primarily Burgundian who are anti-"LEL") both clash heavily with English paramilitary groups such as the "LEL". The Borealian navy follows Burgundy's lead and begins switching gears to develop destroyers. Subsequently the Fortuin-class is born, after meticulous planning based on the Burgundian designs. Six destroyers are ordered to be constructed over the course of the next two years. For the time being the armored cruiser remains one of the main light ships in the navy, with 46 currently in service. Another eight cruisers, the Drietand-class, are ordered to be completed over the course of the next several years. Meanwhile, the navy also begins experimenting with submersible vehicles. Thanks to the invention of the diesel engine, the possibility of a long range submarine becomes more practical. Development of a prototype begins in Oranjestad, New Jersey, with the hopes of creating a practical submarine model within the next few years. Parts of the navy are organized into four main battle fleets, each with four battleships (eventually to be upgraded to five over time). Fleet I is to be based in Borselen, responsible for protecting the northern sections of the nation, and is currently deployed to the Sint Lauwens River. Fleet II is to be based in Sint Jan, and is currently deployed off the coast of Savannah near Maryland. Fleet III is to be based in Bilzen and is currently deployed to the coast of southern New England. Fleet IV is to be based in Philadelphia and is deployed to the Chesapeake Bay region.
- Kingdom of Burgundy: Following the destruction of the Borealian parliament, Queen Viktoria travels to Sint Jan in a show of support, while the States-General passes a bill appropriating money to help Borealia rebuild the parliament building. Two Vaud-class battleships, SMS Vaud (SS-13) herself and SMS Kleff (SS-15), are laid down, while four, SMS Kinnig Robert de Friddenstifter (SS-16), SMS Tréier (SS-18), SMS Rethel (SS-20), and SMS Cambrai (SS-21), are launched. The first of the class laid down, SMS Gülich (SS-17) is commissioned, followed soon after by SMS Tréier. Meanwhile, three of the new Kinnig Eduard de Jonk-class, the lead ship SMS Kinnig Eduard de Jonk (SS-22), SMS Kinnig Jean de Mëll (SS-23), and SMS Keesarin Elisabeth de Eisen (SS-25), are laid down. The Burgundian Navy’s Panama Squadron, the security force for the canal Burgundy operates, receives a reorganization, as the outdated frigates are recalled for decommissioning and scrapping. In their place, two armored cruisers and three protected cruisers, accompanied by a destroyer division, are sent to take over the patrol routes. Some of the older armored cruisers, such as the Admiral Wacht-class, begin to be phased out of frontline service and put in reserve until their eventual scrapping. The Navy also begins studies to improve their protected cruiser designs. In the shipyards of Haussmann-Wilton-Fijenoord in Rotterdam, two battleships are under construction for the Imperial Japanese Navy, named Fuji and Katsuragi, after the IJN placed contracts for them. Though the base design is derived from the Austrasien-class, they’re armed with the same 11”/40 the Vaud-class mounts, with superior ballistics and armor penetration than the old 14” guns. They’re expected to be delivered to Japan in 1897. The University of Luxembourg is founded this year. The first wireless telegraph message is transmitted this year in Nanzeg (Nancy).
- Great Empire of China–Korea: Li Hongzhang announces his retirement from politics, but not before Premier Jin Yujun organizes a celebration meant to commemorate his importance in the foundation of modern China–Korea. Jin Yujun increases national funding to private charities while giving government funds to impoverished provincial governments. Educational attainment rises, with increasing enrolment into imperial universities. Rapid industrialization and economic modernization continue. China–Korea continues to specialize in the production of textiles and synthetic dyes, as well as steel, machinery, constructional materials, and transport equipment – due to the infrastructural boom triggered by urbanization. Telecommunications and railway lines are built, which promotes connectivity between major cities and towns–which will result in the stimulation and facilitation of commerce. Five armored cruisers are comissioned this year. The navy is at 104 ships divided into two regional fleets. Arms production continues to grow rapidly, with repeating rifles and their carbine derivatives, field artillery, machine guns, and their respective ammunition being produced.
- Tibet (protectorate): Civic buildings are constructed in the capital of Lhasa, which is inhabited by ~20,000 residents. Sedentary living is encouraged, with the little available arable land being intensively cultivated. Major crops include wheat and rye. A garrison of a single brigade (~5000) is stationed there, armed with excess bolt-action rifles.
- Altishahria (protectorate): More mining facilities are opened in Aksu, exploiting the Tarim basin's mining resources. Lucrative minerals such as soda, borax and jade are the country's main exports to China–Korea. In addition to grains, cash crops are grown, specifically grapes, melons, pears, and walnuts. There is a ranching boom, with many former pastoralists establishing enclosures for livestock. The main product is wool (from sheep), with processing facilities established in the capital and other major cities as preparation for further processing in China–Korea's textile mills. Korla becomes Altishahria's largest city due to continuous migration and its position as a major break-of-bulk point, with a total of ~150,000 inhabitants. As a result, the Altishahr government relocates there, and various civic buildings are constructed. A garrison of two divisions (~20,000) is stationed there, armed with excess bolt-action rifles.
- Dzungaria (protectorate): Civic buildings are constructed in Ghulja, which is inhabited by 20,000 residents. The nationalized Dzungar Oil Company increases the scale of their operations in the area, constructing multiple oil mines and refineries. In addition to supplying energy to northwest China, the company also provides kerosene for street lamps as well as other industrial chemicals via distillation. A garrison of 12 divisions (~120,000) is present, armed with excess bolt-action rifles. The bulk of this military force is stationed in the Dzungarian Gate, which is heavily fortified due to its position as the sole overland entry point into Western China.
- French Empire: The French population steadies at 56.7 million, primarily due to continued industrial growth and the rise of proper sanitation methods nationwide. The machine gune model currently in military circulation, the Regal (OTL Madsen), is updated, fixing a large number of small based loading problems. With the recent rise of Marsanist-Communist regimes and syndacists groups across Europe, progressivism begins to become widespread in France as the two primary political parties, the Republican and the Marsanist, balkanize into a number of different groups and factions. Five primary political factions have emerged as legitimate successors to the two parties, being the United French Front (UFF), the Imperial Sovereign March (ISM), the People's Marsanist Association (PMA), the United Sovereign Syndacist's (USS), and the Black Anarchist Society of Francia (BASF). The most popular of which, the UFF, continues to maintain high legislative members, however, the publishment of the anti-Catholic book by Jean Picard in recent years has allowed for the BASF to rise from two to 27 legislative seats (out of 255). The PMA and USS remain stagnate in support, as the recent violence across Europe with the rise of similar Marsanist regimes has striked any new improvement in their political standings, although various political pamphlets and books continue to be published overseas. Oversea territories are re-organized.
- Guinée Française: The French-Guinée population stands at 7.2 million, with 15% of the population speaking Japanese, 30% speaking French and the remaining speaking the original language of the island. However, the French language is soon implemented as a semi-mandatory language to study in school, in an attempt to turn the French language into a majority rather than a plurality. Industrial mining equipment is incorporated into the general process of mining gold and copper ore, while cash crops like cocoa and coffee beans become key in agriculture. The capital city, Port Durand (OTL Port Moresby), is worked on in terms of modernizing infrastructure and building more roads. A militia is created, standing at 85,000, using older French modeled weaponry from the 1870's. Expansion is made in the OTL Solomon Islands.
- Nigéria Française: One of the primary states of the now defunct French West African Republic, French Nigéria continues to be a superb example state for French Africa, and continues to thrive in agriculture and the mining of tin and iron ore. The population census reads 25.4 million. Nigéria's national militia stands at 195,000, using older French modeled weaponry from the 1880's, in addition to holding the original Gauthier Gun.
- Mali Française: One of the primary states of the now defunct French West African Republic, French Mali continues to feature somewhat forced labor as the mining of gold continues to reign supreme in the economy. The population stands at 20.3 million. The local militia, comprised primarily of French servicemen that have integrated into the Malian society and stand more as enforcers than an actual military, stands at 105,000.
- Dendo Française: One of the secondary states of the now defunct French West African Republic, French Dendo continues to be settled and expanded. The region remains either agricultural or stands as a primary trading point between Mali and Nigeria.
- Sikasso Française: One of the secondary states of the now defunct French West African Republic, French Sikasso continues to feature somewhat forced labor as the mining of gold continues to reign supreme in the economy. The population stands at 16.5 million. The local militia, comprised primarily of French servicemen that have integrated into the Sikassian society and stand more as enforcers than an actual military, stands at 75,000.
- Namibie Française: One of the secondary states of the now defunct French South African Republic, French Namibia continues to feature somewhat forced labor as the mining of gold continues to reign supreme in the economy. The population stands at 13.5 million. The local militia, comprised primarily of French servicemen that have integrated into the Namibian society and stand more as enforcers than an actual military, stands at 45,000.
- Cape de la Colonie Française: One of the primary states of the now defunct French South African Republic, French Cape Colony continues to feature somewhat forced labor as the mining of gold and diamonds continues to reign supreme in the economy and allow for the colony to be overtly rich. The population stands at 12.5 million. The local militia, comprised primarily of French servicemen that have integrated into the Zulu society and stand more as enforcers than an actual military, stands at 95,000.
- Republica Ibérica: The population is estimated to be 48.4 million. Literacy rates in Iberia soar into the upper eighties after decades of effort. Strong economic growth over the last seventy years have contributed to a growing middle-class in Iberia. The rise of public education and universities lead to a scientific boom as research and development become major sources of prestige for the universities. In Valencia, now a center of innovation thanks to a prestigious school, an engineer by the name of Agustí Sala invents and patents a “self-elevating stair” which his assistants quickly nickname the escalator. The 1893 model, the Herrero I, is produced this year, with more widespread sales. The shipyards of Catalonia, finish the construction of the Lisbon-Class and Model 1892 Frigates. Plans are laid out to develop and build a new class of faster and better armed battleships. Production of the new Galicia-Class ships is expected to end in 1898 with a total of six new ships. These are expected to conform to a new system of naval organization similar to the Burgundian system. Due to the greatly improved gun characteristics, the military begins converting its Model 1880 Lever-Pinion Rifles to the new Model 1894s.
- Republica de Morocco: The national census estimates the population to be 9.55 million. The economy of Morocco continues to grow rapidly due to Iberian investment and technical aid. Wages hover at just about 82% of those in Iberia, but are rising. The steel industry expands rapidly as does the rail network. Phosphate production develops as a major sector of the Moroccan economy as does the synthesis of phosphorus fertilizer. Agricultural mechanization along with water conservation and management projects lead to aggressive growth in the agricultural sector. Reformist Maghrebi Islam spreads with government support. After the decades of conversions, the sect now includes nearly 40% of the population. Culturally, the population has become more liberalized, with increasing importance placed on personal freedoms. Meanwhile, the educational reforms of the previous few years have contributed to rising literacy. With literacy and education on the rise, Iberian becomes a common second language, and a major language of commerce in Morocco. Although it is not part of the mandatory curriculum, many Moroccans voluntarily learn it through classes offered after school.
- Dependencia de Algeria: The population of Algeria reaches 5.58 million, and of these, 2.16 million are European. Algerian migration to Morocco continues en masse to escape the poverty of interior Algeria. The interior economy remains very poor with limited adoption of modern technology. Meanwhile, along the coast and in Mostaganem there is rapid development as European migrants implement modern farming, manufacturing, and financial methods from their homes.
- Antillas Ibéricas: The colony continues to enjoy the profits of salt and sugar production. Educational reforms spread as the government promotes literacy and basic mathematics.
- Indias Orientales Ibéricas: The colony continues to enjoy the profits of spice and rubber production. Educational reforms spread as the government promotes literacy and basic mathematics.
- República Africana Ibérica: The republic continues expansion efforts along the Sahel north of the French holdings in West Africa. Gold and other minerals constitute the major economic sector in Senegay. Aluminum production grows this year and port facilities are modernized to facilitate its export.
- Republica de Morocco: The national census estimates the population to be 9.55 million. The economy of Morocco continues to grow rapidly due to Iberian investment and technical aid. Wages hover at just about 82% of those in Iberia, but are rising. The steel industry expands rapidly as does the rail network. Phosphate production develops as a major sector of the Moroccan economy as does the synthesis of phosphorus fertilizer. Agricultural mechanization along with water conservation and management projects lead to aggressive growth in the agricultural sector. Reformist Maghrebi Islam spreads with government support. After the decades of conversions, the sect now includes nearly 40% of the population. Culturally, the population has become more liberalized, with increasing importance placed on personal freedoms. Meanwhile, the educational reforms of the previous few years have contributed to rising literacy. With literacy and education on the rise, Iberian becomes a common second language, and a major language of commerce in Morocco. Although it is not part of the mandatory curriculum, many Moroccans voluntarily learn it through classes offered after school.
- Kingdom of Egypt: After a secret meeting between Arabian and Egyptian military leaders, we declare war on the free Anatolian States and send troops via the navy to Tartus to meet up with the Arabian army and navy. Statues of Queen Farah and King Muhammad Ali II continue to be taken down, with only one of each being left in two cities (Alia and Giza), and these statues are replaced with Muhammad Ali I’s cult of personality. The hard line Muslims complaints are noted, but nothing much is done to change anything, and the King and Parliament go about their business. We continue to grow cash crops such as papyrus, flux, cotton, and tobacco, and sell it to countries such as Iberia, France, Burgundy, and Belka. The King invited the Calioh to dinner to talk about religion and other stuff (MOD RESPONSE ABSOLUTELY NEEDED!!!!) the press continues to be free and liberalized, now being able to criticize the government and its leaders, though the King is excluded from this sort of thing, and instead the media depicts him with positivity and practical glorifies his policies and actions in politics. We fund basic sciences and direct the focus toward quantum mechanics. Electricity begins to be installed in everyday Egyptian homes, and a power grid is installed in Alexandria, Alia and Giza, and lighting is common.
- The Kingdom of Arabia declares war on Anatolia with Egypt, in order to incorporate the nation within the same protected economic sphere as the rest of the Muslim world. The Shay Al-Nass approves to send a force of 30,000 professional modern soldiers with full artillary and the best naval vessels. We also support having a conference in Alexandria to discuss religion with both the Calioh and the Caliph.
- SR of the Rhineland: With Anti-Rhenish Communists who have been popping up everywhere are overwhelming the police. Supreme Leader Shutzenhelm now puts in place that "Police are to be given military authority when dealing with enemies of the state to ensure the safety of our people and our great country." The Volkspolizei now harass those deemed Anti-Rhenish Communists and anyone deemed enemies of the state, often preforming open executions. All borders, which were recently reopened are put on total lockdown and trade is very limited, only with countries which are trusted. Supreme Leader hides out in his personal estate in south Rhineland, becoming paranoid, what if his own military generals and personal assistants are Marsanists or Anti-Rhenish Communists? Something very bad is coming ... In other news, The navy plan is finished, and two new Frankfurt-Class battleships are added to the navy with Pre-Dreadnought design, along with three destroyers.
- Vinland: The Naval dockyard at Sveaborg is finished and begins Prodicing the Sveaborg-class torpedo boats. The parliament. The prime minister sends his condolences and condemns the attack on The Borealian Parliament. The army is strengthened to seven divisions.
- Belkan Empire: The Tsar looks at the invasions of Anatolia with distaste with his allies knowing that the Belkan empire converted to remaining Turkish states. This is, however, creatively ignored as the issue this year is growing discontent with the expenses of the Austrian occupation. Maintaining previous deals with the transitional government Belka officially releases Austria as an independent yet dependent state of the Belkan empire allowing them once again to conduct their business as long as it doesn't infringe on the Belkan economic or security interests. With a new advancement in battleships technology allowing for a more modern, sleek design, heavy armaments such as three high caliber turrets, and many secondaries including a 500-man strong marine detachment the Belkan navy adopts the Vozhd-class Battleship in short order, putting nearly eight of the ships on order followed by another nine as soon as these are completed. The Belkan empire's focus on the growing naval arms race brings clear focus to the Belkan navy as it sees a necessity to defend he abroad interests and take to the seas in defense of her colonies should it come to that. As of this year the Belkan empires core territory officially crests nearly 100 million but slow growth is now an issue. Belka is noted to have some of the highest population density in all of Europe.
1896[]
In Siberia various cities see notable and increasing growth as they accomodate the hundreds of thousands of immigrants which have been flooding into Siberia.
The Federal State of Arcadia (California) sees a massive influx of immigration for its fair laws, good economic policy and the vast amount of open space still around. This sees Russians, Germans, Anglos, Belkans, French immigrants from practically every ethnicity in Europe.
As a Result of the Belgrade Congress, the European states all see their domains in africa increase immensely with Belka, Britain, and France all seeing heavy but manageable resistance heading into the African Interior.
In Southern Africa, Franco-Dutch settlers set up two autonomous provinces in Southern Africa as white settler colonies. Known as Les Pioneers they build settlements and begin a profitable existence in the South Africa interior currently benefitting from French Rule.
In some cases Africa begins to see majority white settlement areas, With Tunis, Cape of Good Hope, and a small section of French West Africa along the Coast having significant white populations.
Civil war breaks out in Providence as the Prince Napoleon, grandson of the late emperor, raises an army in Miramar (OTL San Diego) and marches north to depose Holt.
The British Navy continues to expand significantly adding more battleships this year and also showcasing its exemplary marines in a training maneuver impressing foreign obsververs from every major country in Europe
- Borealia: We continue to relocate people across the nation, with new settlements in the new states frequently being created by Burgundian citizens, while the English are moved to less significant areas. The ongoing war against the "LEL" insurgents continues, with our operatives making progress in various ways. At the same time the opposing insurgents make attacks against the "LEL" and across the border. The Communist rebels in New England continue to gain power in that country. They continue smuggling and stockpiling weapons, and also open training camps in New England, particularly in southern Ohio. The Communists also gain a foothold in Michigan, with the major city of Pontiac (Detriot) seeing a large presence. The world's first "underground railway" or "metro" opens this year in Sint Jan. By the end of the year New Amsterdam also begins construction of one, expecting to quickly overtake the capital's one. Other cities consider constructing one as well. In both cities the metro is connected to the already heavily used railroad systems in the country. An amusement park craze spreads across the nation, with many independent amusement parks being founded around this time. Rothe Park (Asbury Park), New Jersey and Coney Island, New Netherland become major tourist destinations and resort locations. North of New Amsterdam an amusement park named "Astroworld" is founded, boasting impressive "rollercoaster" rides. Inventor Hiram Gheyn, famous for inventing the Gheyn Gun (Maxim Gun), partners with the park and invents the "Flying Machine" ride. The first "motion pictures" are shown in theatres around the country by ambitious entrepreneurs, particularly in New Amsterdam. The first showings are successful and rival film studios appear. A studio is founded in Sint Jan by Wouter Isigny (Walt Disney), specializing in cartoons and animated short films, which also gains notoriety. Hendrik Steppen, inventor and former head of the postal service, begins designs for a flying transport system based on the hot air balloon. He manages to patent a design for a "steerable airship-train with several carrier structures arranged one behind another" (Zeppelins). He begins searching for funding in the hopes of creating working prototypes within the next few years. As part of the settlement process in the newly created states, the country also begins employing designers to create "Utopias" or ideal, luxury cities in remote locations. The first of these cities is founded along the Allegheny River (near OTL Tionesta), where a "National Forest" is declared to provide exceptional scenery and activities for the new city. The city will include all modern amenities, modern architecture, a rail system, dock and shipyard for sailing ships, and enough farmland for it to be completely self sufficient. The city is named Conradia and begins construction, with other such resorts being considered as well. A science fiction author named H. S. Waal becomes famous nationwide after delivering a radio broadcast adapting his novel, The War of the Worlds, in which he describes an alien invasion, and inadvertently causes a mass panic. Later in the year he attends a lecture by Steppen and is inspired to publish Liberty, a science fiction novel imaging a world in which giant floating cities circle the globe completely free from the rest of the world, and wars are fought with steam-powered "Steppens" and other futuristic devices. In the port outside New Amsterdam the city begins construction of a massive, colossus-like monument known as the "Statue of Liberty". Johannes Siberg Jr., son of the former prime minister, makes hockey history by becoming one of the most successful athletes in the sport's history, and leading Wilhemina to a Stenweide Cup win. In addition to the very popular train and metro systems, the nation also begins looking into gondola public transit in areas of varying elevation, although this does not lead to any developments yet.
- Kingdom of Burgundy: in total, six battleships are launched this year for the Burgundian Navy, four Vaud-class, and two Kinnig Eduard de Jonk-class. The last two battleships of the Kinnig Eduard de Jonk-class, SMS Kinnig Rogier de Daper (SS-24) and SMS Keesar Barbarossa (SS-26), are laid down in the freed up dock space. The Vaud-class battleships SMS Rethel (SS-20) and SMS Cambrai (SS-21) are commissioned and join the growing battle fleet. Five battleships of the newly designed Graf Wëllem II vu Holland-class are officially ordered, the first to incorporate the newly developed Carnegie (Krupp) armor. If the Navy’s construction schedule continues as planned, the last of the Kinnig Eduard de Jonk-class should be completed by the end of 1899, at which point Burgundy will possess 26 commissioned steel battleships, with five more under construction, and the seven old iron-armored battleships of the Monarch- and Ostend-classes. The construction of torpedo boat destroyers continues, with five more entering service this year. The military is, rather grudgingly, impressed by the British Marines, and it’s decided to improve the Burgundian Royal Marine Band (corps), in turn. Receiving a larger share of the naval budget, army officers and NCOs are hired to train the Marines in modern warfare, albeit slightly modified, as it's presumed the Marines will largely be conducting amphibious operations. As such, the Marines’ outdated line infantry tactics are dropped in favor of dispersed, squad-centric ones.
- Imperial Swahili Federation: We continue colonial expansion in Northern Somalia, in the south and in the Malindi and Mombasa area. Colonization increases as medicine and weaponry become more widespread. Agricultural modernization continues in Swahili. Further industrialization continues. A telegraph system is being constructed within Swahili. The Zanzibar Naval Academy begins to design plans for a Swahili-built cruiser. Colonization efforts reaches the kingdom of Buha, who were demanded to accept Swahili suzerainty as of old law (Swahili used to be the overlord of Buha a long time ago). MOD Response
- Sefuwa: The colonies of Swahili continue development and expansion.
- Vinland: Seeing that Vinland needs external help the parliament votes on becoming a protectorate of Borealia. It passes with no votes against it. We send an official envoy to Borealia asking to become a protectorate of Borealia.
- "Borealian Diplomacy:' We accept.
- FS of Arcadia: Continued immigration from Belka and France fills Arcadian factories with migrant workers, particularly in construction of industrial centers in Lusitania and Duwamish. The transcontinental railroad provides direct communication of mass media between Arcadia and Borealia, used for both import and export of raw materials. Along these rails farther east, many frontiersmen of German and Russian descent settle in potential mining and farmlands across the Seryye Mountains, utilizing Arcadia's federal land distribution program. Many of these frontiersmen also settle just across the border in Providence. The first Arcadian legion is formed in Mzer and began their first training in the state of Bergsorbien due to it big open space, they are - at the moment - stationed on the Providence border due to their multiculturalism and speaking of many languages. The Esquilo Partido Dos Combatentes e Trabalhadores officially founds a military wing which is named "frente de squirells e salvação nacional"(front of chipmunkism and national salvation). This official split between the military and political wing is made so that the philosophers don't get blamed for the actions for those who prefer the tactic of terror even if both are under one leader called Geral de Estado.
- Republica Ibérica: The population is estimated to be 48.88 million. Strong economic growth over the last 70 years have contributed to a growing middle-class in Iberia. The rise of public education and universities lead to a scientific boom as research and development become major sources of prestige for the universities. A Sevilla based engineer by the name of Carlos Martín develops an ether-solar engine. His work is deemed promising and he receives a small grant to work on a more commercially applicable version of this solar steam system. The development of these Solar Engines is hoped to eventially wean Iberia off of its limited coal reserves, and promote industrial development in the south where sunshine is plentiful, but coal is scarce. Herrero Motorworks introduces a new model this year selling nearly 20 of the new horseless carriages. The shipyards of Catalonia, continue work on the new Galicia-Class ships. Work is expected to end in 1898 with a total of six new ships. Due to the greatly improved gun characteristics, the military begins converting its Model 1880 Lever-Pinion Rifles to the new Model 1894s.
- Republica de Morocco: The national census estimates the population to be 9.79 million. The economy of Morocco continues to grow rapidly due to Iberian investment and technical aid. Wages hover at just about 83% of those in Iberia, but are rising. The steel industry expands rapidly as does the rail network. Phosphate production develops as a major sector of the Moroccan economy as does the synthesis of phosphorus fertilizer. Agricultural mechanization along with water conservation and management projects lead to aggressive growth in the agricultural sector. Reformist Maghrebi Islam spreads with government support. After the decades of conversions, the sect now includes nearly 40% of the population. Culturally, the population has become more liberalized, with increasing importance placed on personal freedoms. Meanwhile, the educational reforms of the previous few years have contributed to rising literacy. With literacy and education on the rise, Iberian becomes a common second language, and a major language of commerce in Morocco. Although it is not part of the mandatory curriculum, many Moroccans voluntarily learn it through classes offered after school.
- Dependencia de Algeria: The population of Algeria reaches 5.96 million, and of these, 2.64 million are European. Algerian migration to Morocco continues en masse to escape the poverty of interior Algeria. The interior economy remains very poor with limited adoption of modern technology. Meanwhile, along the coast and in Mostaganem there is rapid development as European migrants implement modern farming, manufacturing, and financial methods from their homes.
- Antillas Ibéricas: The colony continues to enjoy the profits of salt and sugar production. Educational reforms spread as the government promotes literacy and basic mathematics.
- Indias Orientales Ibéricas: The colony continues to enjoy the profits of spice and rubber production. Educational reforms spread as the government promotes literacy and basic mathematics.
- República Africana Ibérica: The republic continues expansion efforts along the Sahel north of the French holdings in West Africa. Gold and other minerals constitute the major economic sector in Senegay. Aluminum production grows this year and port facilities are modernized to facilitate its export.
- Republica de Morocco: The national census estimates the population to be 9.79 million. The economy of Morocco continues to grow rapidly due to Iberian investment and technical aid. Wages hover at just about 83% of those in Iberia, but are rising. The steel industry expands rapidly as does the rail network. Phosphate production develops as a major sector of the Moroccan economy as does the synthesis of phosphorus fertilizer. Agricultural mechanization along with water conservation and management projects lead to aggressive growth in the agricultural sector. Reformist Maghrebi Islam spreads with government support. After the decades of conversions, the sect now includes nearly 40% of the population. Culturally, the population has become more liberalized, with increasing importance placed on personal freedoms. Meanwhile, the educational reforms of the previous few years have contributed to rising literacy. With literacy and education on the rise, Iberian becomes a common second language, and a major language of commerce in Morocco. Although it is not part of the mandatory curriculum, many Moroccans voluntarily learn it through classes offered after school.
- Kingdom of Hawaii: The Kingdom of Hawaii is a modernized state allied with the French. It is lead by the Ali'i Nui (Monarch) Lydia Liliʻuokalani with Pier Liholiho as Kuhina Nui (Prime Minister). Peace has endured for centuries within the Kingdom as it seeks to forge great relations with other nations. Due to its isolated position Hawaii is not threatened by Communist or Capitalist ideals with Hawaii establishing a Socialist Democratic government in order to balance the two ideologies. The Hawaiian Navy continues its expansion as new ships are built with the Hawaiian fleet reaching a total of ten Wooden Battleships, four Ironclads and six Steamships as the Hawaiian Fleet is composed mostly of outdated ships due to its isolated position. The Ali'i Nui of Hawaii sends a diplomatic misson to Europe headed by Hawaiian ambassador Lui Naihekukui as the Kingdom of Hawaii would like to form an alliance with France as Hawaii would like to purchase some Burgundian vessels (Player Response Needed). For Lydia Liliʻuokalani this will help Hawaii fully modernize their fleet and help establish good relations with other nations.
- Aztlán: With all hope of a deal with Providence lost, Aztlán instead focuses on improving the burgeoning cities in the north of Novo Galiza. A major commercial railroad begins construction, connecting OTL Chihuahua with Tenochtitlan. A previously unknown local restaurant owner in OTL Guadalajara publishes Aztlán's first cookbook for traditional foodstuffs, which receives wide praise throughout the country. Focus goes to ports on the southern coast, where hopes are for a city to rival Merida.
- Great Empire of China–Korea: Jin Yujun continues to fund private charities. Ma Raya releases her third studio album, Daydream, with singles "Fantasy", "One Sweet Day", "Open Arms", and "Always Be My Baby" all hitting a peak of Number One in the China–Korea Music Chart. With such a demand for records, the production of phonographs booms. Meanwhile, the usage of telegraphy and telephones continues to boom, improving connectivity. The first machines able to send and receive wireless telegrams are adopted from Italy and are implemented in several government buildings. Educational attainment rises, with increasing enrolment into imperial universities. Rapid industrialization and economic modernization continue. China–Korea continues to specialize in the production of textiles and synthetic dyes, as well as steel, machinery, constructional materials, and transport equipment–due to the infrastructural boom triggered by urbanization. Telecommunications and railway lines are built, which promotes movement between major cities and towns–which will result in the stimulation and facilitation of commerce.T he navy is at 112 ships, with three armored cruisers and five destroyers being commissioned. Arms production continues to grow rapidly, with repeating rifles and their carbine derivatives, field artillery, machine guns, and their respective ammunition being produced.
1897[]
The Royal Navy plans to commission another \five capital ships before the end of the century planning to bring their numbers of newly built capital ships up to 17.
In Brésil, the Temperance League continues to grow in strength especially as some of the clergy support it.
Jean Luc Picard is murdered and this sparks up the debate of religious heresy and punishment for it across the civilised world.
In Russia, Denis Cheryshev the Minister of Finance gives out several contracts for railways and military expansion which provides money for industry. Continued migration to Siberia occurs as well while farmers in European Russia become profitable. He is increasingly popular which unnerves the Tsar.
In New England, military spending on the army remains very high.
- Kingdom of Burgundy: this year sees four battleships commissioned, SMS Kinnig Robert de Friddenstifter (SS-16) and SMS Keesar Otto de Klug (SS-19) of the Vaud-class, and SMS Kinnig Jean de Mëll (SS-23) and SMS Keesarin Elisabeth de Eisen (SS-25) of the Kinnig Eduard de Jonk-class. The latter two introduce a revolutionary new type of ammunition hoist which rotated with the turret, allowing the guns to be reloaded at any angle, and not have to return to the centerline to be reloaded. The Vaud-class was not designed with this in mind, and as such most of those ships don’t include it. This isn’t the case with the last two Vaud-class laid down (SMS Vaud [SS-13] herself, and SMS Kleff [SS-15]) have had their designs modified to incorporate this, leading to their delayed commissioning, currently projected for 1898. The Navy lays down the first of the new Maastricht-class cruiser. Of a completely different design than previous protected cruiser, intended to serve as a fast scout or to effectively serve overseas, it is designated as a light cruiser. As such, SMS Maastricht is given the hull code KL-01. Meanwhile, the experimental vessel SMS Turbinien, the first ship equipped with steam turbine propulsion, reaches a top speed of 35 knots, earning it the nickname “Greyhound of the Sea”. The demonstration convinces the navy to adopt steam turbine propulsion in its next classes of torpedo boat destroyers. The V Battle Squadron, comprised of Burgundy's first generation ironclad turret ships, are ordered to return to Burgundy, ostensibly to prepare the old battleships for Queen Viktoria’s ten year anniversary naval review. A printed edition of W. S. Waals War of the Worlds becomes a bestseller. Universities continue to expand, as universal education has meant there is now a much larger pool from which to pull students, as such scientific development continues. The Imperial Japanese Navy is offered a contract which will see four battleships build for them over the next five years (MOD RESPONSE, PLEASE).
- Japan agrees with payment upon delivery.
- Belkan Empire: Under the necessity to remain decisively in the battleship arms race, Belka launches 13 of its battleships this year, all of the Vozhd-class or Vozdk MKII which saw some differences in armor complement, putting the Belkan Navy at 19 battleships. The launching of 13 battleships from drydocks all across Belka, is a sign of Prestige, Power and the Industrial fortitude of the Empire. With eight of these being holdovers from the previous year that were delayed for this year's ceremony. The Belkan fleet with the further development in its destroyer classes to be more like the Burgundian classes, sees its escort fleet begin a large scale modernization too with the launching or modernization of nearly 12 modern cruiser-class ships armored in variance for different speeds and roles anywhere from battleship escort to convoy raiding or engaging other escort ships. As a result of thorough and effective research over nearly the last decade on doctrine and organization and assault tactics, the Belkan High Command now fully adopts the advance into full battle by front warfare. Instead of massive field armies, battle by front is adopted in its full potential, allowing the massive advantage of Belkan manpower to be driven along the entirety of a front of battle rather than a central location of battle. Interestingly enough the Belkans develop a temporary railway system, something that can be build and dismantled quickly to supply the armies troops from the Railheads. With mini-locomotives and handcars, the Belkan army is something of a logistical miracle. Along with this, the Supreme Soviet of Belka in accordance with the Vozhd, and Tsar Uliyam, passes the National Guard Act of 1897 effectively forcing every male Belkan as they reach the age of 18 to undergo military training as well as State service before being allowed to move into civilian lives. This also calls for the creation of the Belkan National Guard, armed reserve units which will be filled as the draft pool goes. The Current population of 102 million brings the Belkan High Command a chance to make up a chance. It leaves 1.5 million men in Active roles, nearly two million into the strategic reserve, with nearly 6.5 million men potentially ready to be called up for active service should manpower replacements be needed. Also, the development of long range railway guns is put in effect using Naval artillery pieces. The economy remains at a steady growth and with the discovery of more uses for oil, the various oil fields known throughout Vlachia begin to see some notable exploitation. The Development of the Colonial Administration network begins as more African territory is added to the empire's holdings. The idea is to make multiple colonial federations out of the African empire as it is less travel time and sea distance than the former Belkan East Asia Colonial Federation. The Federations are as follows with one to be realized, the The Federation of Belkan Kanem, the Federation of Central Africa and the eventual Federaton of South-East Africa effectively splitting the Belkan Empires african colonial holdings into three Belkan satellites under a Belkan colonial viceroy, and an ethnically african sub-viceroy with a mix of Belkan and native ministers. In a surprising move, the Tsar declares Belkan Maghreb as multiple states within the Empire rather than a colonial territory and gives proper citizenship to the Maghrebis alongside the Belkan nationals already living there. This unsurprisingly increases Maghrebi public opinion of Belka and also allows them voting and rights enjoyed by Belkan citizens already including welfare, schooling, higher levels of military leadership, and ability to truly begin investing in their own industry.
- Great Empire of China–Korea: There is an abuse scandal involving a major chaebol, and as a result, many former employees (many of whom were members of labour unions) petition the government to sue them. As a response, Jin Yujun implements legislation requiring greater transparency for companies and increasing minimum wages; while raising the minimum working age to 18 (15 for jobs in the services sector). Aside from supporting the welfare of the people, Jin Yujun also seeks to widen Sino–Korean involvement overseas and establish a clear Sino–Korean sphere over Northeast Asia. Wary of Japanese naval buildup, the Grand Secretariat approves the establishment of the Imperial Coast Guard as a separate entity from the Imperial Navy. Instead of using proper warships, it plans to utilize patrol boats with a single low-caliber gun and being around 100–200 tons in displacement–these will be designed to stall enemy ships and alert the Imperial Navy of an invading enemy fleet. Furthermore, they can be repurposed as reconnaissance ships. Meanwhile, diplomats are sent to Iberia, also a Belkan partner, hoping to re-establish cordial relations as in the past (IBERIAN RESPONSE). Similarly, diplomats are sent to the New World (with the exception of the Mapuche, Brésil and Kaliforniya), hoping to establish embassies in these nations (MOD RESPONSE). To reduce institutionalized hostility and animosity against Russia, the government rescinds its nominal claim over the former tributaries of Sakha and North Mongolia, and the former dominion of Nivkhgu – however, still maintaining the policy of border militarization to prevent any easy Russian advances to the capital. Diplomats are sent to Durestov (south of Shenzhen), proposing to lift the current partnership into a full-fledged alliance, pledging to support Belkan interests and colonial security in Southeast Asia (except for Dai Viet, a Chinese protectorate) in-exchange for military intervention in case of a multi-country expedition to China. Also, the government orders six battleships. (BELKAN RESPONSE). Educational attainment rises, with increasing enrolment into imperial universities. Rapid industrialization and economic modernization continue. China–Korea continues to produce large quantities of textiles, synthetic dyes, steel, as well as machinery and construction material. This can be attributed to a rise in the urban population. Telecommunications and railway lines are built, which promotes movement between major cities and towns–which will result in the stimulation and facilitation of commerce. The Imperial Navy is at 124 ships, with 12 destroyers being produced. The production capacity of the Dalyeon Naval Arsenal is increased, while two shipyards are built in Tianjin and Ulsan respectively. Plans to establish a third regional navy based in Shanghai (via the purchase of additional capital ships and the construction of fleet escorts) by 1900 are made. Arms production continues to grow rapidly, with repeating rifles and their carbine derivatives, field artillery, machine guns, and their respective ammunition being produced. The number of units for the Type 90 surpasses that of the Type 83.
- Tibet (protectorate): Civic buildings are constructed in the capital of Lhasa, which is inhabited by ~20,000 residents. Sedentary living is encouraged, with the little available arable land being intensively cultivated. Major crops include wheat and rye. A garrison of a single brigade (~5000) is stationed there, armed with Needle Rifles.
- Altishahria (protectorate): More mining facilities are opened in Aksu, exploiting the Tarim basin's mining resources. Lucrative minerals such as soda, borax and jade are the country's main exports to China–Korea. In addition to grains, cash crops are grown, specifically grapes, melons, pears, and walnuts. There is a ranching boom, with many former pastoralists establishing enclosures for livestock. The main product is wool (from sheep), with processing facilities established in the capital and other major cities as preparation for further processing in China–Korea's textile mills. Korla becomes Altishahria's largest city due to continuous migration and its position as a major break-of-bulk point, with a total of ~200,000 inhabitants (a tenth of the total population). As a result, the Altishahr government relocates there, and various civic buildings are constructed. A garrison of two divisions (~20,000) is stationed there, armed with Needle Rifles.
- Dzungaria (protectorate): Civic buildings are constructed in Ghulja, which is inhabited by 20,000 residents. The nationalized Dzungar Oil Company increases the scale of their operations in the area, constructing multiple oil mines and refineries. In addition to supplying energy to northwest China, the company also provides kerosene for street lamps as well as other industrial chemicals via distillation. A garrison of 12 divisions (~120,000) is present, armed with Needle Rifles. The bulk of this military force is stationed in the Dzungarian Gate, which is heavily fortified due to its position as the sole overland entry point into Western China.
- Belkan Diplomacy: Belka agrees to lift the current agreement, but also proposes the development of a unique Sino-Belkan trade compact, allowing both nations to take full advantage of the benefits of trade with one another and giving China primary access to Belkan markets, and Belka primary access to Chinese markets. With the noticeable and powerful advancement of the Chinese nation, Belka whole heartedly expresses interest to increase the depth in relations between the Chinese and Belkan nations. This comes with the request the Tsar of the Belkan empire, travel to china to see the wonders of this interesting and ancient society first hand.
- FS of Arcadia: Esquillos begin to gain even more popularity even if still small with them numbering around 25,000 with the esquillos even having their elder and health care. This is to make the poor and the needy join and support the ideas of the esquillos - which also resulted in the death of a propertarian when a propertarian and an esquillo had a bar fight. Due to this fight the Esquillos decide to separate their mob and their political mind even more, even if people still knew they are the same staff.
- Republica Ibérica: The population is estimated to be 49.21 million. Strong economic growth over the last seventy years have contributed to a growing middle-class in Iberia. The rise of public education and universities lead to a scientific boom as research and development become major sources of prestige for the universities. Carlos Martín, now with sufficient funding, develops an enlarged version of his invention. He builds a series of solar collectors which heat water to boiling. He then attaches this to a small steam engine. The system operates, but is inefficient because the engine is poorly designed for the lower pressures. With the Solar Thermal Engine built, it demonstrates the power of its ilk by pumping water continuously on sunny days. This development is looked on very well by the University of Sevilla and the government who agree to another set of grants to develop a more efficient engine. Herrero Motorworks continues to construct more model 1896 this year selling nearly 20 of the new horseless carriages. The shipyards of Catalonia, continue work on the new Galicia-Class ships. Work is expected to end in 1898 with a total of six new ships. Due to the greatly improved gun characteristics, the military begins converting its Model 1880 Lever-Pinion Rifles to the new Model 1894s.
- Republica de Morocco: The national census estimates the population to be 10.04 million. The economy of Morocco continues to grow rapidly due to Iberian investment and technical aid. Wages hover at just about 86% of those in Iberia, but are rising. The steel industry expands rapidly as does the rail network. Phosphate production develops as a major sector of the Moroccan economy as does the synthesis of phosphorus fertilizer. Agricultural mechanization along with water conservation and management projects lead to aggressive growth in the agricultural sector. Reformist Maghrebi Islam spreads with government support. After the decades of conversions, the sect now includes nearly 45% of the population. Culturally, the population has become more liberalized, with increasing importance placed on personal freedoms. Meanwhile, the educational reforms of the previous few years have contributed to rising literacy. With literacy and education on the rise, Iberian becomes a common second language, and a major language of commerce in Morocco. Although it is not part of the mandatory curriculum, many Moroccans voluntarily learn it through classes offered after school.
- Dependencia de Algeria: The population of Algeria reaches 6.14 million, and of these, 2.8 million are European. Algerian migration to Morocco continues en masse to escape the poverty of interior Algeria. The interior economy remains very poor with limited adoption of modern technology. Meanwhile, along the coast and in Mostaganem there is rapid development as European migrants implement modern farming, manufacturing, and financial methods from their homes.
- Antillas Ibéricas: The colony continues to enjoy the profits of salt and sugar production. Educational reforms spread as the government promotes literacy and basic mathematics.
- Indias Orientales Ibéricas: The colony continues to enjoy the profits of spice and rubber production. Educational reforms spread as the government promotes literacy and basic mathematics.
- República Africana Ibérica: The republic continues expansion efforts along the Sahel north of the French holdings in West Africa. Gold and other minerals constitute the major economic sector in Senegay. Aluminum production grows this year and port facilities are modernized to facilitate its export.
- Republica de Morocco: The national census estimates the population to be 10.04 million. The economy of Morocco continues to grow rapidly due to Iberian investment and technical aid. Wages hover at just about 86% of those in Iberia, but are rising. The steel industry expands rapidly as does the rail network. Phosphate production develops as a major sector of the Moroccan economy as does the synthesis of phosphorus fertilizer. Agricultural mechanization along with water conservation and management projects lead to aggressive growth in the agricultural sector. Reformist Maghrebi Islam spreads with government support. After the decades of conversions, the sect now includes nearly 45% of the population. Culturally, the population has become more liberalized, with increasing importance placed on personal freedoms. Meanwhile, the educational reforms of the previous few years have contributed to rising literacy. With literacy and education on the rise, Iberian becomes a common second language, and a major language of commerce in Morocco. Although it is not part of the mandatory curriculum, many Moroccans voluntarily learn it through classes offered after school.
- Borealia: We continue to relocate people across the nation, with new settlements in the new states frequently being created by Burgundian citizens, while the English are moved to less significant areas. The ongoing war against the "LEL" insurgents continues, with our operatives making progress in various ways. At the same time the opposing insurgents make attacks against the "LEL" and across the border. The Communist rebels in New England continue to gain power in that country. They continue smuggling and stockpiling weapons, and also open training camps in New England, particularly in southern Ohio. The Communists also gain a foothold in Michigan, with the major city of Pontiac (Detroit) seeing a large presence. The Metro systems created in Sint Jan and New Amsterdam go into service, becoming major transportation systems. Hendrik Steppen demonstates his first airship, called the LS-1 ("Luchtschip Steppen"). The airship is flown around New Netherland, wowing the public and generating interest investment in the technology from many different sources. On the ground another industry that is beginning to take off is the automobile industry, with entrepeneurs being inspired by the Burgundians' Vaillant Motor Company. The oldest is Spyker, founded by Jan Spijker in 1896 in the city of Pietersburg. The following year the Brouwer Motor Company is founded, followed by the Cadillac Company, named for a Dutch-French explorer of Koebec. The New Amsterdam Auto Show is founded later in the year, which incentivizes all three companies, and others, to begin building models to show the public, helping to increase interest from the public.
1898[]
Start your engines. Kalamata race in 1899 will be held as it is organised by Maximus Mosley and teams led by a variety of wealthy people - mainly industrialists - plan to come from Britain, Russia, France, Prussia, Savannah, Brésil and other places to this major international motor racing event with their prototype vehicles. The winner of this race might (wink, nudge, hint) find their automobile industry does really well in foreign sales.
In New England, as it is revealed that the communists are backed Borealian intelligence they are cracked down on heavily and play little political influence. New England, Avalon and Savannah continue military buildup
An economic recession occurs in France which minor leaks over the borders to the rest of western Europe leading to some job and home losses. The recession ends within a few months but there are arguments about the role of the Church in providing for those in need in times of recession and arguments about the Church's acceptance of capitalism especially in France where the recession mainly happened.
- FS of Arcadia: Petrov Co. begins to expand its monopoly even more in the northern states with many telegraph lines being connected laid down and connected with the renamed Marian Island being the best connected of all regions with almost not possible that you're more then a hour walk away from one. In the south other companies begin to pop up - Allico being the biggest growing telegram company. It also sell some minor accessories for its electronics and are developing a way to get telephones ready for consumer scale. Electricity in New Constantinople is beginning to appear due to the recent due to the recent availability of certain materials now providing electricity. Most of the materials being brought from BergSorbien and they are mostly mined by Asian and Belkan immigrants. Although electricity is privatised the government does have some quotas for companies to have. They are, for example, required to give electricity to even small communities even if in small amounts. Small villages have to get at least the minimum required energy to be able to make all lights work and telegrams on every moment of the day. Although during light hours they are allowed to lessen the amount of electricity given to the village so long as it wouldn't serve any problem for a community. Electricity is also primarily given to public services and administrative and governmental buildings - but the specific amount given to each village is regulated by the federal state and not the Federal Government. The patent that is used the lightning over the nation will only be expired when the minimum required amount of electricity is reached in over 75% in the state. With these requirements of electricity standards some companies begin to plan to make some dams. With the biggest plan to build a dam at the two ends of the Marian Island - and some considering building a dam in the Bay of New Constantinople although most people are fairly against it due to it ruining the New Constantine harbour and the local economy of the people who have businesses in the bay. With some considering to create an island between Baja and Providence to put farms and housing on with a particular idea coming from a German immigrant who sees the idea of creating an island between Baja and Providence as a way to solve all problems in the federated states. He imagines it as a state where full equality may be possible end where the capitalist experiment may go to its fullest. An artist, when trying to hang up a painting horizontally, was blown away when he held one of his paintings with a gust of wind it glided away. And with painter Albert saw the potential of using this to his advantage . To make a device(craft) to glide away with a construction a hold of thin wood and canvas. He did ask one of his friends in new Leipzig if you could study this. To better understand this principle of gliding. The research if there are any materials those are lighter and possibly better suited for this.A alternate historian also made a small alternate history book about a fictional country. This country was based in Europe it was a size of a small village and at them very neutral politics and where they spoke a constructed language which they called kelmish. With its largest exports being zinc and other resources . When one foreign Boreallian company began to exploit the country . It declared war on that nation, but when they saw it they believe that the country did not exist and was just a joke. Where after it sended a special Force where they stole a special Kind of super bomb and kidnapped the scientists where after to the Country. Demanded peace or To Face the bomb. Where after Borealia decided to accept people and give the country a statue of caesar and a meatpie.
New England's turn: Tension is high. Because of the Borealian War our citizens clamored for revenge, and for reunification if it could be so. So support for the anti-northerner rebellion is high, with recruits joining and giving their lives in the name of freedom. The last decade has not been prosperous. Seeing that conflict is going nowhere a faction of those wanting to "let live" arises, intending to give up for now in order to actually repair the nation. For the first time a prime minister of the liberal faction is elected, Arthur Wellesley. We do not drop our claims, but we pause our warring, noting that we will never get anywhere by slowly chipping away at ourselves. The nation accepts the offer of peace talks. The blockade has already devastated our economy. Just like the constant back and forth warfare in and around us. In a desperate effort to save funds building ships is temporarily suspended. Seeing as we are straining ourselves to build ships that are then lost in combat. Military spending in general is lowered, but we still retain many troops on the border at all times SECRETLY. Wellesley seeks to repair relations hoping that this will be a better way to heal and to prevent future wars, especially if we can turn Borealia into a nation dependent on us in trade. The Communist Party becomes influential, with some sects renouncing the government, others playing off it. Socialists capture Michigan in election, and parts of Ohio. A grassroots campaign of populists take the midwest where anger over the railroad exploitation, currency reform, and agriculture reform, are imperative. The populists are friendly toward the socialists as well, who are an urban equivalent to them in some ways. The communist insurgency is weakened but does not go away, after they denounce Borealia. So in the meantime, they stockpile weapons and train soldiers hoping to create the communist state once and for all. Their moment in the spotlight comes when they organize a series of demonstrations in Michigan against railroad owner Gregory Pullman. The Pullman Strike turns into chaos when government men open fire. Hundreds are killed in the fighting before the strike is ended.
- Kingdom of Burgundy: Five battleships are commissioned into the navy, the last three of the Vaud-class, and two ships of the new Kinnig Eduard de Jonk-class. Also this year, four battleships of the Brandenburg-class, named for ruling dynasties of Burgundy and the Netherlands, are laid down; SMS Brandenburg (SS-27), SMS Hohenstaufen (SS-28), SMS Gerulfing (SS-29), and SMS Karolingien (SS-30). Brandenburg and Hohenstaufen are advanced enough in their construction that they’re able to be launched by the end of the year. The last ship of the class, SMS Ivrea (SS-31), is scheduled to be laid down next year, along with the first of the even newer Graf Kotte-class battleships. Both designs will incorporate the new 11”/45 C/97 rifle, replacing the older 11”/40 C/90. The battleship Shikishima, the first of the battleships ordered under the “four ships, five years” contract, is launched. She and her sister ship Hatsuse are based on the Vaud-class, modified to allow mounting of the 11”/45 gun. Both Hatsuse and a third ship, named Asahi and based on the Brandenburg design, are laid down this year. A new class of armored cruisers, called the Nanzeg-class, armed with four new 9.4”/40 in two twin gun turrets, are ordered, and the first two of the class, SMS Nanzeg (KP-1) and SMS Middelbeurg (KP-2), are laid down. In celebration of Queen Viktorias ten years on the throne, a large naval review is held in the Zuiderzee. Every commissioned battleship is in attendance, including those from the Malta and Singapor fleets, recalled for this event. The purpose is to show the advancement of Burgundian warships through the last half of the century. Afterward, the V Battle Squadron, comprising Burgundy's first generation ironclad turret ships, is dissolved as all five ships are decommissioned and sold for scrap. The sole exception being the former SMS Verwoester, which is made a museum ship in Hoorn. The IV Battle Squadron, its ships using the obsolete design of mounting turrets en echelon, is put into reserve. It is also announced that the old sailing frigate SMS Grondwet will be removed from active service, but placed in permanent commission at her berth in Lelystad in recognition of the ship's service over the last century. Karl and Bertha Vaillant enter their Vaillant Velo in the Kalamata race.
- Kingdom of Hawaii: As the Kingdom of Hawaii continues to improve its relations with other nations, diplomats are sent to Burgundy to negotiate the purchase of some Burgundian war vessels (Player Response Needed) along with establishing an embassy in Brussels in order to improve relations with the Kingdom of Burgundy. The Hawaiian Army is increased to 125,000 men as the Hawaiian Fleet is composed of over 35 vessels with most of them being outdated. The Hawaiian Military is placed under the command of Caesar Kapa'akea who becomes the first Ali'i Kālā (Supreme Commander) of the Hawaiian Military.
- Burgundian Dip: The Hawaiian Royal Navy offers a contract for Burgundian shipyards to construct five modern armored cruisers.
- Hawaiian Dip: We would like accept this contract as diplomats are sent to Burgundy to oversee the construction of the first Hawaiian modern cruisers.
- Republica Ibérica: The population is estimated to be 49.72 million. Strong economic growth over the last seventy years have contributed to a growing middle-class in Iberia. The rise of public education and universities lead to a scientific boom as research and development become major sources of prestige for the universities. Carlos Martín continues his work, founding the Iberian Sun Power Company, he sets about developing a more efficient solar-thermal turbine. With funding from universities and the government, he sets out to change the face of the Iberian energy market Herrero Motorworks embarks on a mission to demonstrate Iberian technical prowess. The Kalamata Race demands the highest of engineering, and Herrero delivers. With a totally new engine on an improved suspension, the car is expected to achieve 27 km/hr. With luck, the Herrero Board hopes that a win, or even a solid place, will improve sales in Iberia and abroad. The development of the new racecar leads to a model 1898 which incorporates several of the suspension and handling improvements found in the race car. The shipyards of Catalonia, finish all six of the new Galicia-Class ships. With their completion the fleet of capital ships is bested only by the United Kingdom, Burgundy, and Belka. However, the Iberian support fleet has suffered. It is decided that Iberia must improve its support fleets. The navy adopts plans to build protected cruiser flotillas and a frigate flotilla every three years. The protected cruiser flotillas will be comprised of six protected cruisers and a larger armored cruiser as the flotilla leader. Meanwhile, the frigate flotillas are to be comprised of six frigates.. The first frigate flotilla will be deployed in 1900, and the cruiser flotilla in 1900. Aztlán, Texas, and Brezil are offered contracts for Iberian made warships. (Mod and Player Response)
- Republica de Morocco: The national census estimates the population to be 10.34 million. The economy of Morocco continues to grow rapidly due to Iberian investment and technical aid. Wages hover at just about 88% of those in Iberia, but are rising. The steel industry expands rapidly as does the rail network. Phosphate production develops as a major sector of the Moroccan economy as does the synthesis of phosphorus fertilizer. Agricultural mechanization along with water conservation and management projects lead to aggressive growth in the agricultural sector. Reformist Maghrebi Islam spreads with government support. After the decades of conversions, the sect now includes nearly 48% of the population. Culturally, the population has become more liberalized, with increasing importance placed on personal freedoms. Meanwhile, the educational reforms of the previous few years have contributed to rising literacy. With literacy and education on the rise, Iberian becomes a common second language, and a major language of commerce in Morocco. Although it is not part of the mandatory curriculum, many Moroccans voluntarily learn it through classes offered after school.
- Dependencia de Algeria: The population of Algeria reaches 6.37 million, and of these, 3.01 million are European. Algerian migration to Morocco continues en masse to escape the poverty of interior Algeria. The interior economy remains very poor with limited adoption of modern technology. Meanwhile, along the coast and in Mostaganem there is rapid development as European migrants implement modern farming, manufacturing, and financial methods from their homes.
- Antillas Ibéricas: The colony continues to enjoy the profits of salt and sugar production. Educational reforms spread as the government promotes literacy and basic mathematics.
- Indias Orientales Ibéricas: The colony continues to enjoy the profits of spice and rubber production. Educational reforms spread as the government promotes literacy and basic mathematics.
- República Africana Ibérica: The republic continues expansion efforts along the Sahel north of the French holdings in West Africa. Gold and other minerals constitute the major economic sector in Senegay. Aluminum production grows this year and port facilities are modernized to facilitate its export.
- Tejas and Aztlán accept contracts to build three capital ships each.
- OOC Aztán: Who answered for me? Just wondering.
- Republica de Morocco: The national census estimates the population to be 10.34 million. The economy of Morocco continues to grow rapidly due to Iberian investment and technical aid. Wages hover at just about 88% of those in Iberia, but are rising. The steel industry expands rapidly as does the rail network. Phosphate production develops as a major sector of the Moroccan economy as does the synthesis of phosphorus fertilizer. Agricultural mechanization along with water conservation and management projects lead to aggressive growth in the agricultural sector. Reformist Maghrebi Islam spreads with government support. After the decades of conversions, the sect now includes nearly 48% of the population. Culturally, the population has become more liberalized, with increasing importance placed on personal freedoms. Meanwhile, the educational reforms of the previous few years have contributed to rising literacy. With literacy and education on the rise, Iberian becomes a common second language, and a major language of commerce in Morocco. Although it is not part of the mandatory curriculum, many Moroccans voluntarily learn it through classes offered after school.
- Borealia: The automobile industry within the nation continues to slowly grow, and news of the planned Kalamata Race sparks competition between the major companies of the nation. In the industrial hub of Pietersburg, Allegheny the company Spyker Cars is considered a forerunner, having been a major part of the carriage and automotive industry since the 1880s. Their race car features a 565 cc V-twin, two hp at 1000 rpm, engine, with company founders Jacobus and Jan personally worker on the vehicle. Veteran racer Maarten Muller is selected to drive the vehicle after a long audition period. Meanwhile, the Cadillac Motor Company is considered an underdog in the race, hailing from the city of Johannesburg in the heart of Nausetia (near OTL Springfield, Massachusetts). Pressed for funds, one of the founders and main engineers, Jan Beijnen, volunteers to race the car. The LS-2 Steppen is created, as an improved airship capable of flying for a full 24 hours. This finally catches the attention of the military, who hire Steppen and his crew to begin designing aircraft for military use. Meanwhile, Steppen founds a public corporation intending to be the first company to provide transportation by air to the masses. We begin peace talks with New England hoping to formally end the insurgency around the nation. We offer to end our support for insurgents if they do the same, and we also offer to help rebuild their nation (Player response; please check the peace talks page). In the meantime, we continue to monitor the border and work to prevent hostile actions within the nation.
- Great Empire of China–Korea: Educational attainment rises, with increasing enrolment into imperial universities. Rapid industrialization and economic modernization continue. China–Korea continues to produce large quantities of textiles, synthetic dyes, steel, as well as machinery and construction material. This can be attributed to a rise in the urban population. Telecommunications and railway lines are built, which promotes movement between major cities and towns–which will result in the stimulation and facilitation of commerce. The Imperial Navy is at 136 ships, with 12 destroyers being produced. The production capacity of the Dalyeon Naval Arsenal is increased, while two shipyards are built in Tianjin and Ulsan respectively. Plans to establish a third regional navy based in Shanghai (via the purchase of additional capital ships and the construction of fleet escorts) by 1900 are made. Arms production continues to grow rapidly, with repeating rifles and their carbine derivatives, field artillery, machine guns, and their respective ammunition being produced. China–Korea welcomes the Belkan Tsar.
1899[]
The winner of the Kalamata Race is to be announced next turn because the race occurs this turn. You may still enter. I will reveal how the winner will be decided soon.
New England rejects peace talks with Borealia even if you think they didn't. New England, Savannah and Avalon continue military spending on land forces to build up artillery, cavalry and infantry forces.
The naval arms race enters full swing as Britain, France, Rhineland, Prussia and Russia are all investing in major capital ship programs.
An Iberian frigate sailing as part of a squadron of several ships travelling to the islands of Reunión and Mauritius gets very lost in fog and in the morning finds itself within the territorial waters of Madagascar and facing a number of Swahili ships who board it. Its Iberian compatriots discover its position and in a confusing exchange with both sides blaming the other the Swahili and Iberian forces open fire on one another.
Conflicts continues between groups within the Church as accusations of corruption are thrown out by a number outside of the Church. While both believing the accusations to be true and to be a stain that the Church will not defend itself a number of more radical bishops are offended.
Vinland:Vinland initiates the Farm Act of 1899. This act will provide added benefits to farmers to encourage farming. The prime minister says in a speech that Vinland is happy to take anyone wanting to move from another country to Vinland. The same year the law that makes double citizenship legal is passed. With the recent purchase of Greenland, the prime minister visits it and stresses the importance of not harming any of the animals there unless needed to.
- Kingdom of Egypt: Five years ago a middle-aged gentlemen named Ali Bakr had a dream: becoming an entrepreneur, but not just any entrepreneur. He wanted to be the CEO of a company that would lead manufacturing of the next big thing, and that big thing would be the automobile. Ali Bakr founded a company called “Ali Bakr Motors”, and this would be the first leap forward in bringing the automobile to Egypt. This year, upon hearing of the Kalamata race, he took this race as a chance to show the Egyptian nation the capabilities and advantages of owning an automobile. His company was able to represent Egypt in the Kalamata Race, and this managed to get him a blessing from the king, a sign of approval. Ali Bakr soon was in deep need for a driver. He had the car but needed a professional driver to win the race, but couldn’t find any until a young man by the name of Abasi Zaan came in and offered to become the driver, which after many tests and crash courses, proved to be a capable driver, a rare one in a society with almost no automobiles. Abasi Zaan and Ali Bakr became popular figures in Egypt, as the press made a big deal about it, the King held a farewell ceremony, complete with portraits of Muhammad Ali and the Egyptian flag. The children sang him a good luck song, and a representative of the Caliph himself prayed for him. After the ceremony ended, Ali Bakr and Abasi Zaan went on their way on the cruise ship Prophet along with their team of mechanics and reporters from the press. Ancient Egyptian artifacts are put on display in the Museum of Ancient Egypt in Giza, hoping to increase Egyptian nationalism and to revive more secular learning and secular history and stuff. With the war between Iberia and Swahili breaking out, we declare neutrality.
- Aztlán: Sorry for missing the last four turns. Anyway, Aztlán decides to opt out of the Kalamata Race because of its not-so-close venue and not-so-up-to-date engine technology (the country has been focusing on the navy). However, for wealthy travelers, some steamship tickets are offered. With the ships from the 1898 contract on the way, the twin battleships finish a year late due to a minor shortage of aluminum. However, a new deposit in the northwest of the country is able to hold the country's supplies steady. Also, after many revotes, revisits, and other troubles, the Nicaragua Canal plan is scrapped for good. (Update: The incumbent president was reelected, by the way, despite his not-so-good health.)
- Republica Ibérica: The blatant Swahili attack on a lost Iberian ship sparks the nation to a fervor. Newspapers demand war and dredge up memories of the humiliation Iberia suffered with the occupation of its colonies in South West Africa. Within a month of the incident, the Iberian Parliament determines that the Swahili attack constituted an act of war against the Iberian Republic, and that a state of war now exists between the Swahili State and the Iberian Republic. The Iberian Atlantic Fleet of ten modern battleships, 14 armored cruisers, eight protected cruisers, and 12 frigates is dispatched to first assist the Iberian Expeditionary Army, and then destroy the Swahili navy. All of the ships are of the highest quality and were built within the last 15 years. 20,000 men of the Iberian Expeditionary Army are deployed via private transports to retake the Iberian South West African colonies. These men are equipped with Model 1886 Garzo-Rosel Machine Gun and Model 1894 Lever-Pinion Rifles. The Swahili Garrison is expected to surrender in the face of such forces. The population is estimated to be 50.21 million. With the war on, Iberian demand for goods increases rapidly as the expeditionary army is deployed to defeat the Swahili. This demand spurs increased industrial growth in 1899, at the expense of the government. Research, science and development come to dominate Iberian higher education. In Barcelona, a young physicist, Alberto Enciso, is awarded a PhD at the University of Barcelona for his work on a paper titled: “Conclusions from the Capillarity Phenomena.” Carlos Martín and the Iberian Sun Power Company reveal a new low-pressure steam turbine. The new engine is much more suited to solar power. A demonstration of the new engines shows great potential as a small example is capable of continuously generating 45 kilowatts from two hours after sunrise until two hours before sunset. The first commercial orders for such turbines are placed by farming collectives in Andalusia where water pumps must work long hours and require a great deal of maintenance. A scaled and improved turbine remains under development with the the hope that it will be able to produce 250 kilowatts. The shipyards of Catalonia are in full swing building the first classes of the Iberian semiannual ship orders. Iberian envoys in both Belka and the United Kingdom request that the two countries remain neutral, they also remind their respective governments that in the opinion of the Iberian government Swahili declared the war, thus they are not bound to defend them. (Mod and Feud Responses)
- Republica de Morocco: The national census estimates the population to be 10.53 million. The economy of Morocco continues to grow rapidly due to Iberian investment and technical aid. Wages hover at just about 89% of those in Iberia, but are rising. The steel industry expands rapidly as does the rail network. Phosphate production develops as a major sector of the Moroccan economy as does the synthesis of phosphorus fertilizer. Agricultural mechanization along with water conservation and management projects lead to aggressive growth in the agricultural sector. Reformist Maghrebi Islam spreads with government support. After the decades of conversions, the sect now includes nearly 48% of the population. Culturally, the population has become more liberalized, with increasing importance placed on personal freedoms. Meanwhile, the educational reforms of the previous few years have contributed to rising literacy. With literacy and education on the rise, Iberian becomes a common second language, and a major language of commerce in Morocco. Although it is not part of the mandatory curriculum, many Moroccans voluntarily learn it through classes offered after school.
- Dependencia de Algeria: The population of Algeria reaches 6.5 million, and of these, 3.13 million are European. Algerian migration to Morocco continues en masse to escape the poverty of interior Algeria. The interior economy remains very poor with limited adoption of modern technology. Meanwhile, along the coast and in Mostaganem there is rapid development as European migrants implement modern farming, manufacturing, and financial methods from their homes.
- Antillas Ibéricas: The colony continues to enjoy the profits of salt and sugar production. Educational reforms spread as the government promotes literacy and basic mathematics.
- Indias Orientales Ibéricas: The colony continues to enjoy the profits of spice and rubber production. Educational reforms spread as the government promotes literacy and basic mathematics.
- República Africana Ibérica: The republic continues expansion efforts along the Sahel north of the French holdings in West Africa. Gold and other minerals constitute the major economic sector in Senegay. Aluminum production grows this year and port facilities are modernized to facilitate its export.
- Republica de Morocco: The national census estimates the population to be 10.53 million. The economy of Morocco continues to grow rapidly due to Iberian investment and technical aid. Wages hover at just about 89% of those in Iberia, but are rising. The steel industry expands rapidly as does the rail network. Phosphate production develops as a major sector of the Moroccan economy as does the synthesis of phosphorus fertilizer. Agricultural mechanization along with water conservation and management projects lead to aggressive growth in the agricultural sector. Reformist Maghrebi Islam spreads with government support. After the decades of conversions, the sect now includes nearly 48% of the population. Culturally, the population has become more liberalized, with increasing importance placed on personal freedoms. Meanwhile, the educational reforms of the previous few years have contributed to rising literacy. With literacy and education on the rise, Iberian becomes a common second language, and a major language of commerce in Morocco. Although it is not part of the mandatory curriculum, many Moroccans voluntarily learn it through classes offered after school.
- Great Empire of China–Korea: Zhou Xiaolong, the leader of the conservative People's Action Party, wins the executive elections after the failed passing of a controversial bill by former Premier Jin Yujun. the bill sought to pass what was referred to as the Sino–Korean Charter of values, forbidding the wearing of religious symbols by high-level government employees, therefore effectively further secularizing the government. However, this move alienated the religious and more moderate members of the Liberal–Democratic Party as well as raising debate even within the party. Zhou Xiaoling seeks to use his status to re-establish the dominance of cities, and instead of promoting welfare policies, entice provincials to migrate to cities. Meanwhile, government officials begin discussing the possibility of a federal union between the four other countries within the Compact of Free Association (which renders them as protectorates), in which they will retain their respective systems but will maintain the current customs union, relaxed border control, as well as having shared representation in international relations (but each state may engage as observers), shared foreign and military policy, and a common charter delineating relations between each state. However, the exact mechanics are hotly debated. It is commonly agreed that the Sino–Korean head of government (the Premier) would, however, be the head of state of the other countries, making them at least nominally diarchies. While the proposal is not official, but the states currently within the Compact are largely receptive–though reactions in Dai Viet are more mixed. Educational attainment rises, with increasing enrolment into imperial universities. Rapid industrialization and economic modernization continue. China–Korea continues to produce large quantities of textiles, synthetic dyes, steel, as well as machinery and construction material. Telecommunications and railway lines are built. A major railway and telecommunications network is built connecting Ghulja, Aksu, Lhasa to Xi'an, which then is connected to Seoul and down south, to Hanoi. As Japanese naval build-up raises the question of China–Korea's security, many prominent military officials begin advocating for a war with Japan; exploiting China–Korea's partnership with Belka. China–Korea agrees to establishing a formal alliance, and seeks to codify it in Beijing, where the earlier Belgrad–Beijing Co–Operation Treaty had been signed. Forty patrol boats, fitted with a single two-inch gun and designed for reconnaissance rather than combatant roles, are built as a part of a five-year program. They are allocated to the port of Busan. To facilitate China-Korea's growing naval capabilities, coaling stations and minor ship repair facilities are built along the coast. The Imperial Navy is at 152 ships, with nine destroyers and seven frigates being produced, by both the Dalyeon and Tianjin Naval Arsenal. Commercial ships start to be built in the Ulsan Shipyard (which is sold to multiple companies), relieving pressure on both military shipyards. China–Korea seeks to purchase six battleships from Belka. Arms production continues to grow rapidly, with repeating rifles and their carbine derivatives, field artillery, machine guns, and their respective ammunition being produced.
- Tibet (protectorate): Civic buildings are constructed in the capital of Lhasa, which is inhabited by ~20,000 residents. Sedentary living is encouraged, with the little available arable land being intensively cultivated. Major crops include wheat and rye. A garrison of a single brigade (~5000) is stationed there, armed with Needle Rifles.
- Altishahria (protectorate): More mining facilities are opened in Aksu, exploiting the Tarim basin's mining resources. Lucrative minerals such as soda, borax and jade are the country's main exports to China–Korea. In addition to grains, cash crops are grown, specifically grapes, melons, pears, and walnuts. There is a ranching boom, with many former pastoralists establishing enclosures for livestock. The main product is wool (from sheep), with processing facilities established in the capital and other major cities as preparation for further processing in China–Korea's textile mills. Korla becomes Altishahria's largest city due to continuous migration and its position as a major break-of-bulk point, with a total of ~200,000 inhabitants (a tenth of the total population). As a result, the Altishahr government relocates there, and various civic buildings are constructed. A garrison of two divisions (~20,000) is stationed there, armed with Needle Rifles.
- Dzungaria (protectorate): Civic buildings are constructed in Ghulja, which is inhabited by 20,000 residents. The nationalized Dzungar Oil Company increases the scale of their operations in the area, constructing multiple oil mines and refineries. In addition to supplying energy to northwest China, the company also provides kerosene for street lamps as well as other industrial chemicals via distillation. A garrison of 12 divisions (~120,000) is present, armed with Needle Rifles. The bulk of this military force is stationed in the Dzungarian Gate, which is heavily fortified due to its position as the sole overland entry point into Western China.
- Belkan Dip: We agree to build six of the Vozhd-class MKII battleships for the Chinese navy.
- Imperial Swahili Federation: We continue colonial expansion in Northern Somalia, in the south and in the Malindi and Mombasa area. Colonization increases as medicine and weaponry become more widespread. Agricultural modernization continues in Swahili. Further industrialization continues. A telegraph system is being constructed within Swahili. The Kingdom of Buha is again demanded to accept Swahili suzerainty as of an old law (Swahili used to be the overlord of Buha a long time ago). MOD Response The Swahili embassy in Tsargrad dispatches a delegation to the Kalamata autombile race in hopes of advancing Swahili technology. The Swahili fleet is mobilized and sent to patrol the Moçambique Channel. However, in the possibility of an overwhelming force, they are ordered to retreat to the Mogadishu naval base. The Swahili army is mobilized and 70,000 men are sent to garrison Madagascar. Forts and defences are erected in Madagascar in anticipation of a naval invasion. Around 200,000 men are mobilized and sent to defend various cities of Swahili while more men are trained each day. Each State of Swahili is also authorized to create its own militias in this war. The Federal Bulawayo and Makuru Arsenals are established and machineries from Sofala and Mombassa are transferred inland to prevent damage. Medium artillery are transformed into emergency artillery batteries.
- Sefuwa: Buildings and destroyed, farms burned and makeshift barricades and defences are erected by the local garrison in anticipation of the coming Iberians. The local colonists are armed via private arms companies. In event of a defeat or surrender, the weapons shall be given to the natives.
- Swahili Diplomacy to Belka and Britain: We request immediate support against the Iberian invasion as according to the Carr Agreement. We declare that the incident began with an Iberian incursion into Madagascar territorial water and Iberia's immediate escalation indicates them to be the true aggressor.
- Swahili Diplomacy to Iberia: We are willing to pay indemnities for the damage caused in the incident and we are also willing to sell the colonies of Sefuwa to Iberia.
- The Iberian Admiral in command of the Iberian Atlantic Fleet is willing to negotiate with Belkan and Swahili Authorities, and has the authorization to represent the Iberian Government in the short term.
- Buha accepts.
- Belkan Empire: The Belkan navy launches seven new battleships this year - all of its new Sofiya-class battleships, presenting two large turrets of 12" guns and a complementary secondary armament. The modernization of the Escort fleet sees the development of modern destroyers as they take positions as some of the primary escort ships and the new classes of light cruisers and armored cruisers entering service as well. The Suez Squadron consisting of four battleships, six light cruisers, four protected cruisers and 20 destroyers sails through Suez and arrives in Swahili waters to act as a mediator and if possible prevent the conflict between the Swahili and Iberians as Belka maintains legitimate interests in Swahili. The arrival of a 40,000-strong expeditionary force as well brings the Belkan army into a strong position. As a response to now running through much of Africa, the Belkan expeditions and explorers on the continent as well as some very powerful business interests begin looking into the full conquest of the Congo states and the remainder of the states near Swahili. This will be handled next year as an expeditionary army is assembled in Maghreb to move down into Zaire to handle the states. nearly 80,000 troops are marshalled as the logistical train of the forces in Zaire is built up to house the army. On the home front a huge blow is taken as Tsar Uliyam dies leaving his two young sons, Ferdinand, and Sergei as his issues. as twins, they stand as both in equal standing for the throne but Sergei is the favored. Both at age 10, Sergei has proven to be the capable leader, driven, already a natural shot with a gun and is beloved by the Generals of the Army and Admirals of the Navy having taken trips with generals and admirals alike with them accosting Sergei as "the kind of leader a modern Belka must have" ironically on the other front, Ferdinand takes a great interest in the abroad aspects and has accompanied his mother on a trip to Ethiopia just a few years earlier and meeting many aristocrats from ethiopia who were surprised with the young boys appreciation and interest in their culture. Seeing Ferdinand as the possible aristocrat and abroad leader there is a clear division in the country on who should lead but it is agreed that for the time being, the Vozhd shall become regent, and lead the country. Vozhd Nikolai Bakharain takes power and continues many policies of the late Tsar with one exception. The Navy is to become the absolute pride and joy of Belka. With a massive army culture and with many considering Belkas army as "an army with a state" the Navy has long been the less prestigious with only very few naval battles ever taking place in Belkan history. While having a fully fledged capital ship program, the Belkan navy has long been neglected and Vozhd Bukharain takes initiative opening Naval colleges in Trieste, Vasiligrad, and Attina. With the effective conquest of the Western part of the Turkish kingdom of Rum the previous decade and its final quelling, the overcrowded homeland with this territory properly annexed sees a safety valve as nearly 500,000 people have moved in the last few years to the new Federal state known as Galatov or essentially brought back from the Byzantine "Galatia" the Belkan government makes concrete steps to hold and keep this territory this time, settling it with ethnic Belkan and some minorities of Greeks. However, many of the aristocratic Turks are left alone and not interfered with. With some foresight and the necessity of keeping Belka known as a veritible fortress on the land, Belka budgets a huge amount to begin the construction of the Dniester Defensive area beginning to construct forts built to withstand modern artillery and overland attacks with massive overlapping fields of fire and built on a large river ... a massive defensive barrier in itself. It is expected such a force such of one roughly 500,000 could hold against an enemy nearly four, five and possibly even six times their size. A similar smaller line is expected to be constructed in Trieste at a later date sealing off the mountain passes and keeping one of Belka's more prosperous cities from falling into enemy hands.
- The Iberian Admiral in command of the Iberian Atlantic Fleet is willing to negotiate with Belkan and Swahili Authorities, and has the authorization to represent the Iberian Government in the short term.
- Borealia: The rise of the automobile industry inspires several other companies to form across the nation. In Philadelphia Karel Ruys and Henry Royce found Ruys-Royce, while in Sint Jan Jozias Visser, a relative of the famous admiral, founds Visser Motors. An engineer named Frederick Smit begins experimenting with armoring small vehicles for military applications. One of his early designs, the Smit Motor War Car, is a car wrapped in 6 mm thick armor, powered by a four-cylinder 3.3-liter 16 Horsepower Spyker engine, and armed with two Gheyn machine guns. A few of the cars are built once the military learns of the idea, however, they task Smit's company and a group of military engineers with designing an improved version for full military use in the future. The car becomes known as the GA2-Minerva, sporting 8 mm of armor, two machine guns, a one-pounder, 37 mm autocannon (the OTL pom-pom), and a four-cylinder, eight liter, 40 bhp at 2500 rpm engine. The First Mechanized Brigade is founded, with the goal of being fully operational with the next few years. The brigade will consist of eight GA2-Minervas, ten unarmored support vehicles and scout cars, and an ambulance car, with the armored cars being jointly produced by Smit, Ruys-Royce, and Visser. The first ever passenger steppen routes are created, transporting a small number of people across the nation. The military also begins operating a small fleet of three steppens, hoping to further expand that number in the coming years. The Westen Brothers, two successful bicyle manufacturers, also begin producing gliders. They begin developing ways to improve the glider, and hopefully even achieve powered, heavier-than-air, sustained flight. Relocation and deportation of the English continues, and by now the English in certain areas, such as Nausetia are a minority. We begin deporting people to Vinland, as well as encouraging general settlement by some Burgundians, German immigrants, and English, in an effort to help boost the population of Vinland. The Orphan Program sees another 200,000 children assmiliated into Burgundian households. We continue efforts to hold peace talks with New England and the English states, as by now they have been under partial occupation/blockade for a decade, realistically causing them to stagnate or regress in many areas. Meanwhile, the navy continues to rapidly improve, and is routinely tested at the blockade, where ships and supplies are seized throughout the year. We offer a deal to Brésil, in which we sell older ships to them, but also send naval officers and engineers to help them create a navy, similar to what is already being done in Vinland, Maryland, and Kuba. A fleet is created of new ships, known as the Great White Fleet, which is dispatched on a tour of the world. It departs from New Amsterdam and heads to OTL New Orleans, Texas, from there to Aztlán, then New Granada, then Rupertstad, Guyana; Saint-Denis, Brésil; New Vichy, Argentine; Andalien, Mapuche; Miramar, Providence; New Constantinople, Arcadia; Honolulu, Hawaii; New Zealand; Ngarrindjeri, Uluru; Maynila, Tondo; Yokohama, Japan; Amoy, China; Singapore; Colombo, Ceylon; Suez, Egypt; Gibraltar, Iberia; Amsterdam, Burgundy; and finally returning to Sint Jan, Borealia.
- Brésilian Empire: The contract with Iberia is accepted. Feeling the effects of old age, Theodore abdicates, leaving 17-year-old Louis de Medici on the throne. In a press release, he states that he intends to continue his father's policies. Lumber mills continue to open, as the frontier pushes farther and farther inland. The armaments and shipbuilding industries receive the most government funding, and an ammunition storage facility is built 20 miles from Saint-Denis, all as part of Brésil's growing ambitions. The latest in Brésilian arms is the bolt-action Parane M1899, equivalent to the OTL Springfield 1903, expected to make the global market by 1901. A shipbuilding program is funded, with the goal of five battleships and 15 accompanying support ships, all with modern equipment. When questioned on how to pay for this, a 10% tariff, as well as increased taxes, are suggested. Theodore decides to conduct a tour of Europe, hopefully increasing Brésilian standing abroad, and begins his tour in Lisbon. Entrepreneur and German immigrant Napoleon Kuhn settles in New Bordeaux, founding the Saint-Denis Motor Société, and upon hearing of the Kalamata race, enters the Courier 1899, a car that is efficient and reliable, with a decent speed. A report published by the Piedmont Inquirer indicates mild corruption problems, with the treasurer indicted on charges of accepting bribes and siphoning funds. Louis puts together a commission to investigate corruption in the government. In addition, a 10,000 Franc grant is given to expand and upgrade infrastructure. An alliance offer is sent to New Grenada, Mapuche, Peru, and Argentine.
- Kingdom of Burgundy: The last of the Kinnig Eduard de Jonk-class battleships, the SMS Kinnig Robert de Daper (SS-24), is commissioned into the navy. Another last ship of a class, the SMS Ivrea (SS-31) of the Brandenburg-class, is laid down, and under an accelerated building schedule, is launched alongside two of her sisters. Meanwhile, five ships of the new Graf Kotte-class, all named for prominent nobles, are laid down. The battleships Hatsuse and Asahi being built for Japan are launched. The fourth battleship under the contract with the IJN is laid down, to be named Mikasa. The army adopts the newly developed Mausser Karabin 1898 bolt-action rifle. The Vaillant Motor Company enters the Kalamata Race, and as the largest automobile manufacturer in Burgundy, starts as the first choice among Burgundians following the event, although as details of other competitors become available, many Burgundians begin rooting for Jan DeLorean's contraption.
- Fs of Arcadia: With the new electricity regulations centrals ara being built at a rapid rate, which is also aided by telecommunication companies one thing to not be dependent on other electricity companies to provide electricity. So that they can always provide there services to their customers. This way they can also ensure that any eror will be with their system and they can fix it as soon as possible. Due to recent events in Providence the government will now grant citizenship to all people fleeing from Providence. This is to protect any people who might be subject of oppression, tyrany, violence or all of them at the same time. The Republican Army also will allow any citizen of Providence to join the regular army instead of being part of the Foreign Legion. After discussion about the naval Jack of Arcadia it has been decided that the naval flag shall be "A red banner with a white Hanseatic cross". The meaning of the White being Honour of the Mariner and the peace they defend, and the red standing for Warrior Spirit and the sea of blood spilled for the Ideal of Liberty. The First Arcadian Version of Oktoberfest has started in Neu Leipzig with 10,000 people attending it from the whole of the Arcadian continent. The beer provided was mostly local beer from Bergsorbien mostly and some from other parts of the world. With a popular Arcadian drink being Wokda mit Bier, which is harsh vodka mixed with beer. The native version being Acorn Coffee with beer. Due to this the Beer economy of Bergsorbia got a big boom which also is seeable in the amount of public drunkenness in the FSA which is going higher.
- Borealia: The results of the Kalamata Race arrive in Borealia. Despite an impressive beginning speed, which was a speed world record according to onlookers, DeLorean's contraption failed to win the race. A technical failure caused the primary engine compartment to catch fire, and DeLorean finished the race toward the back, badly injured as well. Meanwhile, in Volendam, one of DeLorean's friends, Stephen Wynne, acts out a series of instructions left by DeLorean before his departure, in which he was certain he would win. Wynne begins collecting investments, opens an office and factory, and even takes some orders for cars which don't exist yet. A few months after the real results of the race arrive Wynne is arrested but ultimately acquited, while a warrant is put out for DeLorean. Nevertheless the company goes under. The company's offices are purchased by JC Penney, a new department store chain, while its factory is purchased by Smit Motors. As a result not all of DeLorean's research is lost, and impressed, Frederick Smit petitions the government to offer DeLorean clemency. All this is unknown to DeLorean, who is left penniless and forced to beg in the streets of Attina. However, now a national oddity, he attracts donations from across Belka, and even a job offer from Mosley Works in Belgrade. The first several GA2-Minervas are completed and added to the military. The Westen brothers complete another glider this year, inventing three-axis control, wing-warping, and the use of a rear rudder. They begin work on a craft that is powered to be completed by next year. The first high-speed rails open along the most heavily traveled corridors of the nation, using three-phase current at ten kilovolts and 45 Hz to power the train cars, achieving speeds of 210.2 km/h (130.6 mph). More metro systems are also opened, with lines connecting the inner cities to more long range railways. Large upgrades to the navy continue, with battleships, destroyers, and cruisers being constructed and sent to the blockade to see service. Resettlement and deportations continue, with a large number of people moving/being moved to Vinland, Guyana, West Africa, Avelskamp, Bovenstland, and elsewhere. As a result Koebec and Nausetia both have a high Burgundian majority. The law is changed so that English is now banned in public and in schools, as many of the supporters of pro-English reforms did not show up to the Senate. The Orphan Program continues, and an additional program begins in which young children are to be taken to boarding schools in order to provide education. The number of people imprisoned in internment camps rises, and an additional law is added that collaboration can also result in a loss of citizenship for family members.